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ABANDONED OIL WELLS (See PLUGGING AND ABANDONING OIL WELLS)
ABORIGINAL TITLE Australia Administrative procedures 46:2.03[2] Judicial, legislative 46:2.03[1] Canada Administrative process 46:2.04[4][c] Fiduciary duty of Crown 46:2.04[2] Judicial, legislative 46:2.04[1]-[4] Treaties 46:2.04[4][b]
ABSTENTION State environmental enforcement 46:14.03[2]
ACCARDI DOCTRINE (See ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES)
ACCESS Across federal mineral leases 45:20.07 Across mining claims Generally 45:20.06 By owner 45:20.06[1][a] By public 45:20.06[1][b] By agreement 45:20.03[1] Canada 46:23.03 Condemnation, statutory ways of necessity 45:20.03[6] Easement by necessity 45:20.03[4] Easement through public use 45:20.03[2] Environmental requirements 36:21.04[2][b]; 45:20.02[4][d] Express rights 45:20.02[2] Federal lands 45:20.02 Federal oil and gas leases 46:23.02[1][a] Fee lands 46:23.02[1][d] FLPMA rights-of-way 45:20.02[2][c] Implied rights 45:20.02[1], 20.02[4][a] Indian lands 45:20.05; 46:23.02[1][c] Inholding access 45:20.02[2][d] Mineral leases 45:20.02[1]-[2] Oil and Gas Leases Seismic 40:20.03 Subsurface trespass 40:20.03 Surface use regulation, federal 40:20.02 Adjoining tracts 40:20.02[6] Agency authority limits 40:20.02[2] Federal right-of-way 40:20.02[4] Regulatory takings 40:20.02[5] R.S. 2477, 40:20.02[3] Severed minerals 40:20.02[3] Sources of authority 40:20.02[1] Prescriptive easement 45:20.03[3] Private lands 45:20.03 R.S. 2477 roads 45:20.02[2][b], 20.02[4][b] Severed surface estates 45:20.03[5] State lands 45:20.04; 46:23.02[1][b] Unpatented mining claims 45:20.02[1]-[2], 20.06 Valid existing rights 44:24.02[3][f] Wilderness areas 45:20.02[3][a] Wilderness study areas 45:20.02[3][b]
ACCOMMODATION DOCTRINE Generally 40:22.03[3]; 45:12.05[1][a]
ACID MINE (ROCK) DRAINAGE Generally 36:5.03[5][a]; 42:5.01[2], 15.01 et seq. Abandoned, inactive mines 42:15.03[2] Agency regulation 42:15.04 Chemical, physical processes 42:15.02[1]-[3][c] Clean Water Act, regulation of 42:15.03[1][a] Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, regulation of 42:15.03[1][b] Facility design 42:15.02[4][d] Geologic, geochemical factors 42:15.02[3][b] Groundwater 42:15.02[3][c],[d] Migration control 42:15.02[4][b] Mine facility influences 42:15.02[3][a] Mitigation measures, generally 36:5.03[5][b] Monitoring programs 42:15.02[3][c][v] National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit 42:15.03[1][a] Operator issues 42:15.05 Point source 42:15.03[1][a] Potential impacts 42:15.02[2][a] Resource Conservation & Recovery Act, regulation of 42:15.03[1][c] Source control 42:15.02[4][a]
ACQUISITIONS Amendments to laws governing bids 46:17.02[2] Antitrust issues 47:9.02 International regulations 47:9.02[2] Checklist 47:7.01 et seq. Asset acquisitions 47:7.02 Foreign acquisitions 47:7.04 Stock/entity acquisitions 47:7.03 Compulsory acquisition 46:17.02[1][a] Cross-border transactions 46:17.02[3] Defending a hostile bid 46:17.03[1] Defensive tactics 46:17.03[4] Depleted oil fields 42:17.07[2] Due diligence 46:17.04 Environmental issues 47:9.04 Exchangeable shares 46:17.02[3][a] Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act 47:9.02 International properties 42:3.04[1][e] Mining industry 46:17.01 et seq. Multi-jurisdiction Disclosure System (MJDS) 46:17.02[3][b] Oil and gas properties 39:16.01 et seq. Plan of arrangement 46:17.02[1][b] Protecting agreed transaction 46:17.03[2] Redomiciling to Canada 46:17.02[4] Regulatory approvals 47:9.02 et seq. Reverse take-overs 46:17.02[4] Shareholder rights plans 46:17.03[3] Strategic investments 46:17.02[5] Structuring take-over bids 46:17.02 Transfer of permits 47:9.01 et seq. Utility regulatory issues 47:9.03
ACT OF JULY 9, 1870 Generally 46:26.02[1][b]
ACT OF JULY 26, 1866 Generally 46:26.02[1][b]
ADAPTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
(See NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES (See also specific agency headings) Chevron deference 45:7.02[6], 47:5.03[3][a], 6.05[2] Informal agency action 47:5.01 et seq. Accardi doctrine 47:5.03[4] Executive orders 47:5.03[5] Judicial deference, level of 47:5.03[3] Legal effect 47:5.03 Judicial review 47:6.01 et seq. Types of agency actions 47:5.02
ADMINISTRATIVE APPEALS OF ROYALTY DECISIONS (See also MINERALS MANAGEMENT SERVICE) Administrative record 37:17.03[4][b]
ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE ACT Generally 47:6.02[1], 6.03[1], 6.05
AERIAL SURVEYS Generally 45:8.01 et seq.
AEROMAGNETIC SURVEYS Generally 45:8.02[2][a]
AGENCY Liability under environmental laws 37:1.01, 1.07[1] Mine construction contracts Risk allocation 37:11.01[2]
AGGREGATES Conflicts between surface and subsurface estates 47:12.04 Federally-reserved aggregate 47:12.04[2] Privately-owned aggregate 47:12.04[1] Right to mine, acquisition of 47:12.03 Federally-owned aggregate 47:12.03[2] Material sales contracts 47:12.03[2][b] Privately-owned aggregate 47:12.03[1] State-owned aggregate 47:12.03[3] Title issues 47:12.02 Coal Land Act of 1910 47:12.02[2][c] Federal mineral reservations 47:12.02[2] Indian Reorganization Act 47:12.02[2][e] Private mineral reservations 47:12.02[1] Railroad reservations 47:12.02[2][d] State mineral reservations 47:12.02[3] Stock-Raising Homestead Act 47:12.02[2][a] Taylor Grazing Act 47:12.02[2][b]
AGREEMENTS (See also MINING AGREEMENTS) As basis for environmental liability 37:1.07; 40:22.02[1], 22.03 Attorney conflicts of interest 41:1.01 et seq. Evidentiary privilege 41:1.01 et seq. Execution of instruments 37:20.01 et seq. Preferential purchase rights 37:9.01 et seq. Provisions (See CONTRACT PROVISIONS) Purchase and sale (See PURCHASE AND SALE AGREEMENTS)
AIR QUALITY (See CLEAN AIR ACT)
AIRBORNE GRAVITY SURVEYS Generally 45:8.02[2][c]
ALASKA NATIONAL INTEREST LANDS CONSERVATION ACT (ANILCA) Generally 37:7.13; 38:2.01 et seq. Access under 45:20.02[2][d][i] Withdrawals under 43:4.03[3][b], 4.04[3]
ALASKA NATIVE CLAIMS SETTLEMENT ACT (ANCSA) Aboriginal title in Alaska 38:2.02 Alaska Statehood Act 38:2.02[2][d] Corporations and shareholders 38:2.04[3] Regional Corporations 38:2.04[3][a] Village Corporations 38:2.04[3][b] Freeze and Super Freeze 38:2.03[1][c] Land planning 38:2.04[8][a] Native claims 38:2.03[1][b] Native lands 38:2.04[5] Alaska Native Fund 38:2.04[4][a] Indian reservations 38:2.04[5][f] Land exchanges 38:2.04[5][d] Regional Corporation withdrawal; selections 38:2.04[5][b] Southeastern Alaska Native Corporations 38:2.04[5][e] Village and regional conveyances 38:2.04[5][c] Village withdrawals, selections 38:2.04[5][a] Statehood Act selections and conveyances 38:2.03[1][a] Taxes and creditor's rights 38:2.04[7] Withdrawals 38:2.04[8][b]
ALIEN TORT CLAIMS Generally 49:18.01 et seq. Environment, alleged harm to 47:24.03[3] Environmental harm cases Freeport decision 49:18.05[b],[c] Rio Tinto decision 49:18.05[a],[c] Filartiga revolution 47:24.02 Foreign policy, impact on 49:18.06[2] History 49:18.02 Law of Nations 47:24.01 et seq. Scope of statute 47:24.02 Security and labor cases 49:18.03 Aiding and abetting liability 49:18.03[3] Doe I decision 49:18.03[1], 18.04 Talisman Energy decision 49:18.03[2], 18.04 Specific, universal and obligatory standard 49:18.06[1] Typical defenses 47:24.04 Violation of the Law of Nations 47:24.03
ALLUVIAL VALLEY FLOOR Generally 36:19.05[5]
ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION (ADR) Generally 39:14.03[1] Agreement checklist 42:20.12 Arbitration Generally 39:14.03[2]; 42:20.03 Breach of contract 37:3.07[4][e] Drafting agreement 36:16.07; 39:14.06 Enforcing arbitration agreements 42:20.03[2] Federal Arbitration Act 42:20.02[3] Form 39:14.07 Gas sales contracts 36:16.07 Hearings 42:20.06 Indian lands 39:2.03[8][b] Powers, duties of arbitrators 42:20.04[1] Removal of operator in mining venture 37:8.05[4] Uniform Arbitration Act 42:20.02[3] Waiver 42:20.03[3] Collective bargaining 39:8.04[1] Discovery 42:20.05 Drafting of agreements 39:14.05-.06 Evidence 42:20.07 Foreign awards enforcement 41:9.02 New York Convention 41:9.02[1] International arbitration 44:8.03 On-line arbitration 44:8.03[1][h] International mediation 44:8.01 International operations 40:13.02[1]-[9] Mediation 39:14.03[1][a]; 42:20.02[1] Mini-trial 39:14.03[1][b] Purchase and sale agreements 41:4.06[3][c] Remedies 42:20.08 Sale of mine 39:8.04[1] Vs. judicial resolution 39:14.08
AMBIENT WATER QUALITY Generally 43:8.02[1][b]
AMERICAN INDIAN RELIGIOUS FREEDOM ACT Cultural resources protection 41:14.07 Mineral development 39:2.02[3][a]
ANTIQUITIES ACT (See also ARCHAEOLOGICAL REGULATION) Generally 46:1.06[1]; 48:25.04 Cultural resources protection 41:14.06 Indian Lands 39:2.02[3][f] Valid existing rights 44:24.02[2][f] Withdrawals under (See WITHDRAWALS, EXECUTIVE)
ANTITRUST ISSUES (See ACQUISITIONS)
API MODEL FORM OFFSHORE OPERATING AGREEMENT Generally 42:4.01 Compared with other form operating agreements 42:4.01 et seq.
APPLICABLE OR RELEVANT AND APPROPRIATE REQUIREMENTS (ARARs) Mine waste cleanup (See MINE WASTE CLEANUP)
APPLICATION FOR PERMIT TO DRILL (APD) Bureau of Land Management 37:21.02[3] Environmental Protection Agency 37:21.02[3] NEPA procedures 37:15.01 et seq. Wetlands 37:21.03[2][c]
APPROPRIATION OF WATER Public welfare 42:24.01 et seq.
AQUIFER STORAGE Generally 45:25.02 Arizona Water Banking Authority 45:25.02 Artificial recharge 45:25.01, 25.02[2] In lieu storage 45:25.03[3] Interstate banking 45:25.02[3] Priority 45:25.03[2] Recapture right 45:25.03[4] Reclamation law issues 45:25.03[6] Rights to use 45:25.03[1] Water banking contracts 45:25.04 Water quality issues 45:25.03[5]
ARBITRATION (See ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION)
ARCHAEOLOGICAL REGULATION American Indian Religious Freedom Act 41:14.07 Antiquities Act of 1906, 40:4.02[1][a],[b]; 41:14.06 Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 40:4.03; 41:14.04-.06 Historic and Archaeological Data Preservation Act 40:4.02[2][b], 4.04[3]; 41:14.04 Historic Sites Act of 1935, 40:4.02[2][a]; 41:14.05 Litigation 40:4.04 National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, 41:14.02 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act 40:4.03[1]; 41:14.03[1]-[7] Reservoir Salvage Act of 1960 40:4.02[2][b]; 41:14.04
ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES PROTECTION ACT Generally 40:4.03; 41:14.04 Cultural resources protection 41:14.06 Indian lands 39:2.02[3][c]
AREAS OF CRITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN Non-endangered wildlife 42:12.03[2][a]
ARGENTINEAN NATURAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT (See LATIN AMERICA, NATURAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT)
ARIZONA WATER BANKING AUTHORITY Generally 45:25.02; 46:25.04[1]
ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE PROJECTS Generally 45:25.01 et seq.
ASSESSMENT WORK Appropriations Act of 1992, 40:8.01 et seq.
ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE Generally 41:1.02[1]; 43:6.02[1]; 48:3.02[1] Environmental audits 39:6.01 et seq. Internet, cellular phone, fax use 43:6.01 et seq. Joint ventures 41:1.04
ATTORNEY CONFLICTS OF INTEREST (See CONFLICTS OF INTEREST)
ATTORNEY LIABILITY ABA formal ethics opinion 46:24.02[6][e] Attorney-client relationships arising out of closely held entities 46:24.02[3] Code of Professional Responsibility 43:7.03 Duties to client 43:7.02[1][b] Fiduciary duty 46:24.02[6] Lawyer as intermediary 46:24.02[5] Model rules of professional conduct 43:7.03 Multiple representation 46:24.02[4] Privity with "client" 46:24.02[2] Restatement of Law 43:7.02[5] Restatement (Second) of torts 49:27.04[2][c] Restatement (Third) of the law governing lawyers 49:27.04[2][d] Third parties/non-clients 43:7.01 et seq. Avoiding liability 43:7.05 Client's intent 43:7.02[2][b] Disclaimers 43:7.02[2][f] Duties to non-clients 43:7.02 et seq. Theories of liability 43:7.02[3] Title opinions 49:27.01 et seq. Disclaimers 49:27.07 Duties in rendering or updating 49:27.03, .05 Liability to non-clients 49:27.04 Malpractice 49:27.04 Negligence 49:27.04
ATTORNEY WORK PRODUCT DOCTRINE Generally 41:1.02[1] Joint ventures 41:1.04
AUDITS Environmental 39:6.01 et seq.
AUSTRALIA Aboriginal title 46:2.01 et seq.
AUTHORIZATION FOR EXPENDITURES (AFE) Overruns 36:18.02[2][b]
BALANCING IN KIND (See GAS BALANCING AGREEMENT)
BALD AND GOLDEN EAGLE PROTECTION ACT OF 1940 Indian Lands 39:2.02[3][h] Mining operations 37:7.10 Non-endangered wildlife 42:12.04[2]
BANKABLE FEASIBILITY STUDY (See FEASIBILITY STUDIES)
BANKRUPTCY (See also ENERGY TRADING AND BANKRUPTCY) Acquisitions, conveyances 38:13.06-.07 Appeals 38:13.06[1],[2],[5],[6],[11] Auction process 38:13.06[6][c] Automatic stay 44:16.03 Avoiding powers 38:13.03, 13.07; 44:16.09 Chapter 7 liquidation 44:16.01[1][a] Chapter 11 reorganization 44:16.01[1][b] Claims 44:16.07 Debtors and debtors in possession 38:13.04[3], 13.05 Enron Generally 48:2.03 Cash management dispute 48:2.03[1] Divestitures 48:2.03[2][a] Substantive consolidation 48:2.03[1][e] Environmental claims 38:13.06[11] Escrow agreements 38:13.08[1] Executory contracts, unexpired leases 38:13.08-13.09; 44:16.06[4][a]; 48:2.02[2] Exploration agreement as 38:13.08[1]; 44:16.06[4][b] Mineral leases 48:2.02[2][b] MMS/OCS leases 48:2.02[2][c] Operating agreements 48:2.02[2][d] Partnership agreement as 38:13.09 Farmout agreements 44:16.06[4][c]; 48:2.02[3] Filing by operator 44:16.01 et seq. Fraudulent transfers 38:13.07[1],[3] Gas dedication contracts 44:16.06[4][d] Limited liability company 38:13.09 Mining joint venture 36:10.10[14]; 38:13.07-.09; 39:7.02[4], 7.03[4], 7.04[4], 7.05[4] Notice, hearing requirement 38:13.03, 13.06[2],[10] OCS leases 48:2.02[1][b] Oil and gas contractors’ liens 48:2.02[6] Preferences 48:2.02[6][b][iii] State laws 48:2.02[6][a] Oil and gas leases 44:16.06[4][a] Operating agreements 44:16.06[4][b] Operator liens 48:2.02[7] Parties in interest 38:13.06[2],[10] Postpetition removal of operator 44:16.03[2][d] Production payments 39:16.04[3]; 48:2.02[4] Property of estate 44:16.02 Representations, warranties 38:13.06[9] Royalty owners 48:2.02[5] Sale free and clear of liens 38:13.06[6][a], [11] Sale of co-owner interests 38:13.06[6][b] Sale of substantially all assets 38:13.06[6][a]; 44:16.10 Section 363 sales 48:2.03[2][b] Assumption and rejection of contracts 48:2.03[2][b][ii] Secured creditors 38:13.06[6][a], [7] Setoff 44:16.08 Strong arm powers 48:2.02[1][a] Successor liability 38:13.06[11] Trustees 38:13.04[1],[4] Unrecorded interests 38:13.07[1]; 48:2.02[1][a]
BAT Mines 40:11.02[1]
BEVILL EXEMPTION Beneficiation wastes excluded from hazardous waste regulation 36:4.03[2][b] Mining regulation 43:14.03[1][c][i]
BIG HORN ADJUDICATION Generally 46:26.03[4][a]
BIODIVERSITY Non-endangered wildlife 42:12.06
BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT (See ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT)
BIOLOGICAL OPINION (See ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT)
BIOMONITORING (See WATER QUALITY ACT OF 1987)
BLM (See BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT)
BLUE SKY LAWS (See SECURITIES LAWS)
BONDS Reclamation (See RECLAMATION BONDING) Surface disturbance 40:22.05[1]
BRE-X SCANDAL Generally 45:3.01 et seq.
BREAK FEES Generally 46:17.03[1]
BUILDING STONE ACT Generally 45:14.02[2]; 48:16B.01 et seq.
BUMPERS BILL (S. 433) Generally 37:12.03[1]-[2] Takings analysis 38:7.04[1], 7.05
BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT Coal bed methane development 37:13.04[4] Contest of millsite claims 38:12.03[3][b][6]-[7] Disposal of produced water 37:21.02[3] Enforcement authorities 45:14.05 FLPMA filings 38:12.04 Land exchanges 46:22.01 et seq. Mineral land determination 38:12.05 NEPA procedures 37:15.02[1][b] Non-endangered wildlife 42:12.03[2][a], 12.05 Patenting authority 36:12.02 Plan of operations 36:19.03[1]; 38:7.03[2][b] Preemption of state regulations 36:19.03[1] Reclamation bonding 37:19.02 Reclamation of mines 45:14.05-.06 Surface use restrictions 38:19.03[1] Uncommon varieties minerals 38:8.03[2][a] Wildlife protection 37:7.04; 42:12.03[2][a], 12.05
BUREAU OF RECLAMATION Contracts Administrative appeals 41:23.03[5][e] Amendment 41:23.03[5][d] Breaches 41:23.03[4] Remedies 41:23.03[5] Renewal 41:23.04 Dam sales, transfers 43:24.01 et seq. Reclamation Facilities Transfer Act 43:24.03[4][a] Water spreading Generally 41:23.03-23.05 Definition 41:23.03[1] Illegal uses 41:23.03[2] NEPA compliance 41:23.03[5][f]
BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS Corporations 38:17.03; 39:7.01 et seq.; 41:1.04 Foreign 44:13.05, 15.01 et seq. Limited liability companies 38:17.03; 39:7.04; 44:13.01 et seq. Partnerships 38:17.03
BUYING & SELLING PROPERTIES (See ACQUISITIONS)
BYPASS FLOWS 41:24.02; 44:26.03[2], .04[4]
CALFED Generally 46:1.07[3]
CALIFORNIA ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT Generally 37:7.03[1]
CALIFORNIA ENVIRONMENTAL STATUTES California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) 37:7.08 Endangered Species 37:7.03[1] Enforcement 36:6.03[2][b] Hazardous Substance Account Act 36:6.03[2][b] Migratory Bird Protection 37:7.09[2] Porter-Cologne Act 36:5.03[2][b] Surface mining and reclamation 37:7.06 Wetlands 37:7.12[3]
CALIFORNIA LANDS COMMISSION Spanish, Mexican property rights 36:1.02[2]
CALIFORNIA SURFACE MINING AND RECLAMATION ACT Application to federal lands, Granite Rock 37:7.06[2] Wildlife habitat provisions 37:7.06[1]
CANADA Aboriginal title 46:2.01 et seq. Coalbed methane gas (See COALBED METHANE GAS) Mergers, acquisitions 46:17.01 et seq. Mining ventures 44:11.01 et seq. Natural resource development Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Yukon 46:4.01 et seq. Oil and gas operations 46:23.03 Competition Act 46:23.03[4][b] Environmental issues 46:23.03[3] Subsurface rights 46:23.03[1] Surface rights 46:23.03[2] Redomiciling in 46:7.02[4]
CANADA-U.S. FREE TRADE AGREEMENT Effect on Canadian gas supply 36:14.02
CANDIDATE SPECIES (See also ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT) Generally 37:7.02[1] Non-endangered wildlife 42:12.04[4][a]
CANONS OF CONSTRUCTION Judicial interpretation of statutes 45:7.02[4]
CAPACITY BROKERING 39:13.02[4]
CARRIED INTERESTS IN MINING AGREEMENTS Generally 36:9.01 et seq.; 37:10.05 Carried interest defined 36:9.02 Carried interest with complete payout 36:9.04[2] Earn-in 36:9.04[1], 9.05[1] Pool of capital doctrine 36:9.03 Tax consequences 36:9.05-.06 Tax partnership 36:9.06[5]
CENTRAL ARIZONA PROJECT Generally 38:25.01 et seq.
CEQA (See California Environmental Statutes)
CERCLA (See COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE, COMPENSATION, AND LIABILITY ACT)
CESSATION OF PRODUCTION Generally 41:15.05
CHANNEL MAINTENANCE Generally 46:26.03[2]
CHEVRON DEFERENCE Generally 45:7.02[6], 47:5.03[3][a], 6.05[2]
CHILEAN NATURAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT (See LATIN AMERICA, NATURAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT)
CITIZEN SUITS (See ENVIRONMENTAL CITIZEN SUITS)
CIVIL LAW Legal nature of "mining title" 46:11.02[2] Mining taxation 46:11.04-.05 Taking security over mining assets 46:11.03 Vs. common law 46:11.01 et seq.
CLASS ACTIONS Adequacy 46:21.04[5][d] Bifurcated trials 46:21.05[2] Breach of implied covenants 46:21.03[2] Certification 46:21.02-.06 Collateral attack 46:21.04[1][b] Commonality 46:21.04[5][b] Conflict of laws 46:21.06[1][b] Counterclaims 46:21.06[5] Defenses 46:21.06[7] Due process constraints 46:21.06[1][a] Guardian of class 46:21.04[1][a] Identification of royalty owners 46:21.06[2] Lease, division order language 46:21.06[4] Mandatory classes 46:21.04[6][a] Numerosity 46:21.04[5][a] Oil and gas royalties 46:21.01 et seq. Opt out classes 46:21.04[6][b] Ownership of causes of action 46:21.06[3] Personal jurisdiction 46:21.04[3] Requirements 46:21.04[6] Rule 23 46:21.04 Types of claims 46:21.03 Typicality 46:21.04[5][c] Underpayment of royalties 46:21.03[1]
CLEAN AIR ACT (CAA) Generally 37:6.01 et seq.; 40:5.01 et seq.; 47:21.03; 49:24.02-.03, .05-.07 Acid rain program 47:21.05 Air quality standards 44:2.03 Alternatives to control measures 44:2.07 Best available control technology (BACT) 49:24.02[2] Citizen suits 39:3.01 et seq. Compliance 37:6.04[6] Effect on reprocessing mine waste 36:4.03[1] 8-hour NAAQS 44:2.02[1] Emissions trading Generally 40:5.03[2][b]; 47:21.04 Allowances/ERCs as assets 47:21.11 Coal and emissions trading 47:21.14 Emerging trading programs 47:21.10 Emissions markets 47:21.13 Greenhouse gas trading 47:21.12 State and local markets 47:21.09 Enforcement delegation 46:14.04[3] Environmental audits 39:6.02[1] EPA regulation 44:2.02 Federalism 49:24.02-.03, .05-.07 Hazardous air pollutants 37:6.04 Implementation process 44:2.05 Indian lands 39:2.02[3][q] NAAQS (PM) 44:2.02[1]-[2] Nonattainment for Particulate Matter (PM-10) 37:6.03 NOx budget trading program 47:21.06 Oil and gas operations 37:6.04[2] Operating permits 40:5.02[2] Overfiling 49:24.04, .06 Ozone nonattainment 37:6.02 Permit revisions 40:5.03[4] Prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) program 49:24.02[2] RECLAIM 47:21.07 Regional haze program 44:2.02[3] Regional programs 44:2.04 Source requirements 40:5.01[2] State implementation plans (SIPs) 37:6.02, 6.03[1]-[2]; 40:5.01[1]; 49:24.02[1] Violations 38:1.03[3][c] WRAP emissions trading program 47:21.08
CLEAN WATER ACT (CWA) Generally 40:11.01; 43:8.01; 44:27.01; 47:18.02[1]; 49:22.01 et seq. Acid rock drainage 42:5.01[2], 15.03[1][a] Administrative appeals 45:17.05[5] Air deposition 45:17.02[6][c] Ambient water quality standards 37:4.01[1]; 43:8.02[1][b] Amendments 36:23.01 Antidegradation 43:8.06; 45:17.02[3][c] Arsenic drinking water standard 45:17.02[5][a] Best Management Practices (BMPs) 45:17.02[6][b] Bypass flows 44:26.03[2] Citizen suits 39:3.01 et seq.; 43:8.08; 46:12.04[1] Clean Water Action Plan 44:27.02 Closing hardrock mines 39:10.03[2] Coal mining 46:27.02[3][b] Criteria 45:17.02[3][b] Dam breach 45:23.02[3] Disposal of produced water 37:21.03[2][a] Dredged & fill permits (See infra Section 404 dredged and fill permits) Effect on reprocessing mine waste 36:4.03[1] Endangered, sensitive species 43:8.05 Enforcement delegation 46:14.04[2] Environmental audits 39:6.02[1] Environmental indemnities in sales contracts 38:22.02[2][a][i] EPA approval of state standards 45:17.02[6][a] EPA review 36:22.03[1]; 38:6.02[2] ESA, CWA coordination 45:17.04 Memorandum of agreement 45:17.04[1] Excavation 46:27.02[1][c] Federal jurisdiction over "waters of the United States" 44:27.03 “Fill” material 49:22.04 Groundwater 43:8.04, 22.05[2] Hard-rock, aggregate mining 46:27.02[3][a] In heap leach process 36:5.03[1] Incidental backfill 46:27.02[1][c] Independent application policy 45:17.02[3][e] Indian lands 39:2.02[3][p] Individual permit requirements 46:27.02[3][c] Interim Discharge Limits 43:8.08[2] Liability 37:1.03-.09 Mercury test 45:17.02[5][c] Mine operations 43:14.02[1], 14.03[1][c][iv],[2] Mines, groundwater discharge 40:11.01, 11.03 Mines, surface water discharge 40:11.01, 11.02 Mining operations 46:27.01 et seq. Mixing zones 45:17.02[3][d] Mountaintop removal 46:27.02[4][a] Nationwide permits 43:8.07[1]; 45:17.05[2]; 46:27.02[2] Navigable waters 37:21.03[2][a]; 44:26.03[1]; 47:18.02[2] Nonpoint sources 43:8.01 et seq.; 44:26.03[2], 27.04; 45:17.03[3] NPDES Permits (See NATIONAL POLLUTANT DISCHARGE ELIMINATION SYSTEM (NPDES) PERMITS) Nuisance abatement 37:1.02[1][b] Oil field cleanup discharges 42:17.04 Overview 36:21.02; 38:6.02[2] Permits 37:4.02[3]; 38:6.02[2]-[3] Point source 43:8.01 et seq.; 45:17.03[3] Private projects 41:9.01 et seq. Quarterly noncompliance reports (QNCR) 37:4.03[2] Regulatory requirements 37:4.01 et seq. Reporting requirements 38:4.01 SEC disclosure requirements 38:4.02-4.06 Section 303 review 36:22.05[1][a] Section 303(d) Lists/Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) 43:8.02; 44:27.04[2][a]; 47:18.03, 18.04 Section 401 certification 43:8.03; 44:26.03[2] Section 404 dredged and fill permits 36:5.05[3], 22.01 et seq.; 37:7.12[2], 21.03[2][c]; 38:6.02[2], 6.03[4]; 44:26.03[1]; 45:17.02[3][b], 17.04[4]; 17.05; 46:27.02; 49:22.04, 22.05[2] Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure (SPCC) requirements 49:22.07 State NPDES permitting programs 45:17.02[3][b], 17.04[4] State water quality standards on interstate streams Generally 37:23.03-.04; 38:6.02[3] Source state discharge permit 37:23.04[4] State water rights 40:23.02[4][c] Storm water 45:17.02[6][b] Storm Water Program 37:4.02 Stormwater permitting 49:22.05[1] Strict liability permit compliance 37:4.03[1] Sulfate drinking water standard 45:17.02[5][b] Surface Water Toxics 37:4.01[2] SWANCC case 47:18.02[2] SWANCC case, response to 49:22.02 Congress 49:22.02[3] EPA and Corps of Engineers 49:22.02[1] Federal courts 49:22.02[2] Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) 43:8.02; 44:27.04[2][a]; 45:17.03; 46:27.03; 47:18.01 et seq.; 49:22.06 Tulloch Rule 43:8.07[2] Violations Bar from federal contract 38:1.03[3][c] Listing 38:1.03[3][c] Wallop Amendment 44:26.03[3] Water adjudications 41:24.06[3] Water quality certification 43:8.03 Water Quality Criteria Standards Plan 45:17.02[2] Water quality limited segments 43:8.02[1] Water quality standards 36:22.03[1]; 43:8.02[1]; 44:27.02[2]; 45:17.02 Water rights 39:20.05[2][a] Waters of the United States 45:17.05[4] Watershed protection 45:24.01 et seq.; 46:13.01 et seq. Wetlands protection 37:7.12[2]; 38:6.01 et seq.; 43:8.07 Alternatives analysis 38:6.02[2][d] Mitigation requirements 38:6.02[2][e] Public interest review 38:6.02[2][a] Section 404(b) guidelines 38:6.02[2][b] State certification 38:6.02[2][c] Whole effluent toxicity (WET) limits 37:4.01[2][c]
CLEANUP (See also COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE, COMPENSATION AND LIABILITY ACT (CERCLA); RECLAMATION) Cost recovery (See ENVIRONMENTAL CLEANUP, COST RECOVERY) Depleted oil fields 42:17.01 et seq. Insurance coverage 46:15.01 et seq. Mine waste (See MINE WASTE CLEANUP)
CLIMATE CHANGES Generally 45:2.01 et seq.
CLOSING OPINIONS Approvals and filings 45:6.14 Corporate power 45:6.08 Corporate status 45:6.05 Facts 45:6.04 Foreign qualification 45:6.06 Format 45:6.03 No breach or default 45:6.11 No litigation 45:6.15 No violation of judgments, orders, decrees 45:6.12 No violation of law 45:6.13 No violations of charter or by-laws 45:6.10 Remedies 45:6.09 Stock 45:6.07
COAL Air pollution 47:21.02 Coalbed methane, development conflicts 48:19.01 et seq. Development conflict with coalbed methane 46:7.01 et seq. Emissions trading 47:21.01 et seq.
COAL LAW Compared to proposed mining law reform 41:2.01 et seq. Federal leases 41:2.04[1] Federal Coal Leasing Amendments Act 41:2.04[1][c]-[d] Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 41:2.04[1][a] Surface Mining Control & Reclamation Act 41:2.04[2]
COALBED METHANE GAS Generally 37:13.01 et seq.; 48:19.01 et seq.; 49:13.01 et seq. Canada 49:19.01 et seq. Abandonment, reclamation liability 49:19.07 CO2 sequestration 49:19.10 Compulsory unitization 49:19.06 Federal regulation 49:19.05 First Nations consultation 49:19.08 Kyoto protocol 49:19.10 Multiple use conflicts 49:19.09 Ownership, Alberta 49:19.03[1], [2] Ownership, British Columbia 49:19.03[3] Provincial regulation 49:19.04 Resources 49:19.02 Characteristics 48:19.02[1] Coal, development conflicts Generally 48:19.01 et seq. Agreement templates 48:19.06 Points of conflict 48:19.04 Regulatory and legislative solutions 48:19.07 Development conflicts 46:7.03-.05 Dewatering 37:13.07[2], [3][c]; 47:17.03 Federal leases 46:8.03[4] Force majeure clauses 46:8.04[3] Greenhouse gas credits 46:9.06 Habendum clauses 46:8.03[2] Implied covenant to protect against drainage 46:8.04[2] Incidental rights doctrine 46:7.03[2] Kyoto Protocol 46:9.06[3] Land use planning, federal Generally 49:16.01 et seq. Monitoring, evaluation, and modification of land use plans 49:16.07 NEPA analysis, level of 49:16.05 NEPA and public participation 49:16.03[1] Post-leasing, site-specific environmental analysis 49:16.06 Powder River Basin 49:16.01 et seq. Staged decisionmaking 49:16.04 Lease extension 46:8.03 Lease maintenance 46:8.01 et seq. Legal considerations 48:19.02[2] Multiple mineral development conflicts 37:13.08 National Environmental Policy Act 46:9.02[7] NEPA permitting 49:13.03 Permitting guidance in Powder River Basin 49:13.03[4] Powder River Basin 49:13.03[3] NPDES permitting 46:9.02[4]-[5]; 49:13.04 Federal 49:13.04[4] Montana 49:13.04[2] Permitting guidance in Powder River Basin 49:13.04[5] Wyoming 49:13.04[3] Ownership 37:13.04-.06; 45:7.05-.06 Ownership conflicts 46:7.02 Permit moratorium 46:9.02[6] Permitting 49:13.01 et seq.; 16.01 et seq. Powder River Basin 49:13.01 et seq.; 16.01 et seq. Powder River Basin EIS 46:9.02[7][a] Produced water extraction, disposal 46:9.02 Production in paying quantities 46:8.03[2][c] Production overview 49:13.02 Prudent operator 46:7.05[3] Regulatory jurisdiction on tribal lands 46:9.04 Reinjection 47:17.05 Royalties 46:8.04[1] Rule of capture 46:7.05[1][a] Savings clauses 46:8.03[3] Shut-in gas royalty clauses 46:8.03[3][c] State, local regulation 46:9.05 Surface disposal 46:9.02[1],[3],[8] Underground injection 46:9.03 Water discharge 47:17.04 Water rights and water quality issues 47:17.01 et seq.
COGENERATION Generally 36:14.01 et seq.
COLORADO RIVER ALLOCATION (See also WATER LAW) Access to unused apportionment 38:25.04[2] Allocation of shortages 38:25.04[5] Borrowing water from storage 38:25.05[2][a] Bureau of Reclamation 38:25.05[2], [3][b] California apportionment 49:8.01 et seq. California cutback to 4.4 MAFY 49:8.01 et seq. California plan 49:8.03[2] Draft quantification settlement agreements 49:8.03[4] Historical context 49:8.02 Interim surplus guidelines 49:8.03[3] Ongoing aftermath 49:8.04 Salton Sea 49:8.03[5] Settlement attempts 49:8.03 Surplus cut off 49:8.03[6] California Limitation Act 38:25.02[4][a], 25.04[6] California's Colorado River water use plan 46:25.02[4][b] Colorado River Compact 38:25.02[1], 25.03[1] Lower basin allocation 38:25.02[4] Mexican Water Treaty 38:25.02[2] Overallocation in California 38:25.03[2] Surplus 38:25.04[4] Surplus criteria for Lower Basin 46:25.03 Transfers of agricultural water to urban use 38:25.05[2][b] Tribal water 38:25.04[9] Upper Colorado River Basin Compact 38:25.02[3] Wheeling non-system water 38:25.05[3][c]
COMMERCE CLAUSE Does not preempt state tax on Indian lands 36:17.02[2] Federal jurisdiction over water 38:6.03[3]; 44:27.03 Federalism 43:5.02 Non-endangered wildlife 42:12.02[1]-[2]
COMMINGLING AGREEMENT Mining operations 42:21.04[2][c][vi], 21.07
COMMODITIES Generally 43:11.03
COMMON LAW Vs. civil law 46:11.01 et seq.
COMMON VARIETIES Generally 36:12.03[4][a]
COMMUNITIZATION AGREEMENTS Generally 39:2.03[14]
COMPARATIVE VALUE TEST Generally 45:14.02[2]
COMPENSATORY DRAINAGE Geophysical evidence 42:16.03[3]
COMPENSATORY ROYALTY Generally 38:20.04[5][d]
COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE, COMPENSATION, AND LIABILITY ACT (CERCLA OR SUPERFUND) Acid rock drainage 42:15.03[1][b] Application to mining wastes 36:4.03[3][b] Application to oil and gas industry 36:6.02[2], 6.03[1][b]; 37:1.01 et seq. Application to oil and gas production (See OIL AND GAS ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION) Authority of Forest Service, BLM 44:14.03 Bestfoods 48:5.03 BLM enforcement authority 45:14.06[2] Brownfields Revitalization Act 48:5.07 Carson Harbor 48:5.04 CERCLIS 36:4.03[3][a] Checklist of limitations 48:5.09 Citizen suits 39:3.01 et seq. Cleanup 44:14.01 et seq. Closing hardrock mines 39:10.03[5][a]-[b] Compensatory damages 37:1.02[2][b] Cost recovery claims 44:14.02[2] Criminal liability 36:5.09[1] Disposal of produced water 37:21.04[1] Enforcement 46:14.04[4] Environmental indemnities in sales contracts 38:22.02[1][a] Environmental issues 46:23.02[3] Facility 39:16.04[4][b][ii] Federal facility programs 44:14.02[4] Fiduciary protections 48:5.06 Hazardous chemicals categories 36:6.02[2] Hazardous substances 39:10.03[5][b]; 42:17.02[2] In heap leaching 36:5.09[2] Insurance coverage 46:15.01 et seq. Land exchanges 46:22.07[3], 22.09[2] Liability Generally 37:1.03-.09 Corporate, limitations on 48:5.03 Federal 44:14.03[4] Lender 39:6.03[1][f], 16.04[4][b][iii]; 48:5.05 Non-operating interests 37:1.02[1][b]; 39:16.04[4][iii] Owner/operator liability 36:4.03[3][c]; 39:16.04[4][b]; 48:5.04 Personal 36:5.09[5] Limitations on liability 48:5.01 et seq. Mine operations 43:14.01 et seq. Mine waste reprocessing (See also MINE WASTE CLEANUP) 36:4.03[3][c] Mineral projects 48:5.01 et seq. Mining, groundwater quality 40:11.03[3][c] National Contingency Plan (NCP) 36:4.03[3][a]; 44:14.02 et seq. NCP compliance issues 44:14.02[3] Nuisance abatement 37:1.02[1][b] Oil and gas industry 36:6.02[2], 6.03[1][b]; 37:1.01 et seq. Oil field cleanup 42:17.02 Passive migration 48:5.04 Petroleum exclusion 37:1.01; 42:17.02[2] Potentially responsible parties (PRPs) 36:4.03[3][a]; 37:1.02[1][b]; 44:14.02[1] Reporting requirements 38:4.01[1] Risk allocation under mine construction contracts 37:11.01[1] Scientific evidence 40:7.05[2][a], 7.08[4] SEC disclosure requirements 38:4.02, 4.06 Small business liability relief 48:5.07 Soil cleanup standards 37:5.03 Time of disposal 48:5.04 Water cleanup standards (See MINE WASTE CLEANUP)
COMPRESSION CHARGES (See POST-PRODUCTION COSTS)
COMPUTERS Privacy, privilege (See ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION)
CONCESSIONS Latin America 42:8.01 et seq.
CONCURRENT OWNERSHIP (See COTENANCY)
CONDEMNATION (See also TAKINGS) Access ways 45:20.03[6] FERC regulation 36:14.07 In property valuation 36:11.05[5] Mining operations 43:13.01 et seq.
CONDITIONS OF APPROVAL Non-endangered wildlife 42:12.05[2][c]
CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION (See also CONFIDENTIALITY AGREEMENTS) Generally 38:21.02[2][a][ii]; 48:15.01 et seq. Attorney's duty 36:2.05 Breach 36:20.06 Confidential information generally 36:20.02[1] Disclosure by employees, prevention of Generally 48:15.02 During employment 48:15.02[1] Post-employment 48:15.02[2] Disclosure during negotiation 42:1.01 et seq. Environmental audits 42:7.04 Fiduciary duty 40:12.01 et seq. In mining joint venture agreements 36:10.10[3] Internet, cellular, fax use 43:6.01 et seq. Landman's duty 36:2.05[7] Patent applications 36:12.04[3] Standard 36:20.03 Time information remains confidential 36:20.03[1]
CONFIDENTIALITY Generally 48:3.02
CONFIDENTIALITY AGREEMENTS (See also COVENANTS NOT TO COMPETE; INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS; TRADE SECRETS) Advantages and disadvantages 38:21.03[3][a] Disclosure during negotiation 42:1.01 et seq. Drafting considerations 38:21.03[3][c] Employment arrangements 38:21.03[3][b][iii] Enforcing confidentiality agreement 36:20.05 Joint activity proposals 38:21.03[3][b][i] Property sales 38:21.03[3][b][ii] Sample forms Confidentiality agreement/joint activities 38:21.08 Confidentiality label 38:21.07 Employment agreement 38:21.06 Non-confidentiality agreement/joint 38:21.09 Soliciting offers/property sales 38:21.10
CONFLICT BETWEEN MINERAL AND SURFACE OWNER (See MINERAL ESTATE EASEMENT)
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST Generally 36:2.04; 42:23.01 et seq. Attorney-client 46:24.02[3]-[6] Ethical Issues 42:23.01 et seq. Former client conflicts 36:2.04[5]; 42:23.03 Joint venture context Attorney-client privilege 41:1.02[2], 41:1.04 Assertion of privilege 41:1.04[1][g] "Good cause" exception 41:1.04[3][a]-[b] Authority to speak for corporation 41:1.04[4][a] Communication from attorney to client 41:1.04[1][c] Communication with in-house counsel 41:1.04[1][b] Confidentiality 41:1.04[1][d] Discoverability of privileged information controlled by operator 41:1.04[3] Discoverability of unauthorized memorandum 41:1.04[4] Joint client exception 41:1.04[3][c] Judicial tests 41:1.04[4][b] Labeling documents confidential 41:1.04[1][e] Multiple role of operator 41:1.04[3][e] Public information 41:1.04[1][f] Title opinions 41:1.04[1][f] Venturer business vs. venture business 41:1.04[1][a] Work product 41:1.02[2], 1.04 Multiple client representation ABA Model Rules 45:13.01 et seq. Attorney as intermediatry between clients 45:13.02[4] Definition 45:13.01 Engagement letter 45:13.02[2][c] Joint ventures 45:13.03[4]-[7] Privity 45:13.02[2][a] Third party reliance 45:13.02[3] Positional conflicts 36:2.04[7]; 42:23.02 Present client conflicts 36:2.04[3]
CONSERVATION AND REINVESTMENT ACT (CARA) Generally 46:1.05[4]
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW (See also TAKINGS) Commerce Clause 38:19.02[1][b] Necessary/Proper Clause 38:19.02[1][c] Property Clause 38:19.02[1][a] Treaty Clause 38:19.02[1][c]
CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS (See MINE CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS)
CONTANGO Generally 46:18.03[1]
CONTRACT PROVISIONS Conditions 37:3.02[4], 3.05, 3.07 Covenants 37:3.02[3], 3.04, 3.07 Depleted oil field transactions 42:17.07[2],[4] Environmental Indemnities (See ENVIRONMENTAL INDEMNITIES) Obligations 36:6.05 Execution 37:20.01 et seq. Indemnities 37:3.02[5], 3.06, 3.07 International agreements (See INTERNATIONAL NATURAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT) Representations and warranties 37:3.02[1]-[2], 3.03, 3.07 Risk allocation in mine construction contracts 37:11.01 et seq.
CONVERSION Geophysical exploration 45:8.04[6]
CO-OWNERSHIP (See COTENANCY)
COPAS (See also JOINT OPERATING AGREEMENTS) Audit 41:21.04 Forms 47:14.04 Guide bulletins 47:14.04 Material transfers 41:21.03 Overhead 41:21.05 Direct, indirect costs 41:21.07 Inactive well 41:21.06
COPYRIGHTS (See INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS)
CORPORATIONS Authority to speak for 41:1.04[4][a] Bankruptcy of shareholder 39:7.03[4] Director's liability 45:3.04[3] Environmental liability 37:1.04[2], 1.06[3]; 39:7.03[2] Execution of instruments 37:20.07 Liability of officers, directors 43:9.03 Liability of shareholder 39:7.03[2] Environmental 39:7.03[2] Management 39:7.03[5] Piercing veil 39:7.03[2] Taxes 39:7.03[3] Vs. limited liability companies 38:17.03 What is "sale" under preferential purchase right 37:9.04[1]
CORRELATIVE RIGHTS Geophysical evidence 42:16.03[3]
COTENANCY Accounting for production 43:20.05 Checkerboarding 43:20.08 Compulsory units 43:20.13 Delay rental payments 43:20.06 Fiduciary duties 43:20.02[4] Improvements 43:20.02 Joint operation agreements 36:13.02[4]; 43:20.12 Joint tenancy 43:20.03[1] Leasing from separate cotenant 43:20.06 Lessees as cotenants of one lease 43:20.07 Nature of 36:13.03[1][a] Partition 43:20.03[1], 20.08-20.10 Relationship between mineral cotenants 43:20.11 Tenancy by the entirety 43:20.03[2] Tenants-in-common 43:20.02 Waste 43:20.02, 20.04 Who can authorize use of minerals 43:20.04
COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (CEQ) Duties under NEPA 36:21.02[1] NEPA policies 36:21.02[2]; 37:15.02[1][a], 15.04[1]
COURT OF FEDERAL CLAIMS Taking litigation 46:10.01 et seq.
COURT OF PRIVATE LAND CLAIMS Generally 36:1.01, 1.02[4]
COVENANTS, IMPLIED (See IMPLIED COVENANTS)
COVENANTS NOT TO COMPETE (See also CONFIDENTIALITY AGREEMENTS; TRADE SECRETS) Generally 38:21.02; 48:15.01 et seq. Attorneys 48:15.01[4] Drafting considerations 38:21.02[3][c] Employment arrangements 38:21.02[2][a] Federal law 38:21.02[1][b] Reasonableness 38:21.02[3][b] Sale of business 38:21.02[2][a] Sample forms Covenant not to compete, sale of business/assets 38:21.05 Employment agreement, covenant not to compete/ confidentiality agreement 38:21.06 State law 38:21.02[1][a] State law vs. federal law 38:21.02[1][c]
CREATIVE ACT OF 1891 Generally 46:26.03[1][a]
CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL VIOLATIONS (See ENVIRONMENTAL LAW)
CRITICAL HABITAT Generally 37:7.02[2][a]; 38:5.03[1][b]; 48:18.01 et seq. Basic concepts 48:18.02 Definition of 38:5.03[1][b]; 48:18.04[2] Designation of 38:5.03[1][b] Exceptions 48:18.04[1][b] Normal timeframes 48:18.04[1][b] Future 48:18.06 History 48:18.03, .04 Judicial decisions 48:18.05[1] “Destruction or adverse modification” 48:18.05[3] Economic, environmental, and other impacts 48:18.05[2] Requiring designation 48:18.05[1]
CROSS-BORDER TRANSACTIONS Mergers, acquisitions 46:17.01 et seq.
CRUDE OIL ROYALTY (See ROYALTIES)
CULTURAL RESOURCES (See also ARCHAEOLOGICAL REGULATION) Generally 48:20.01 et seq. Antiquities Act 48:20.02[2][c] Federal lands Antiquities Act 48:20.02[1][a] Archaeological Resources Protection Act 48:20.02[1][a] Indian Sacred Site Executive Order 48:20.02[1][a] National Historic Preservation Act 48:20.02[1][a] Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act 48:20.02[1][a] NEPA 48:20.02[1][a] Identification 48:20.02[2] Interests to consider 48:20.02[4] Private lands 48:20.02[1][c] State lands 48:20.02[1][b] Time to consider 48:20.02[3] Tribal lands 48:20.02[1][d]
CUMULATIVE IMPACT STUDY NEPA requirement 37:15.04 Wildlife protection 37:7.02[2][b][iv]
CURRENCY EXCHANGE CONTROLS Generally 42:9.02 Brady Bond Market 42:9.03[2][f] Central Bank 42:9.03[2][b]-[c] JAC / OTAC 42:9.03[2][c] Minimizing effects 42:9.07 Venezuelan system 42:9.03-9.06
CYANIDE Bonding for mining operations 37:12.04[7], 19.02[3][a], 19.03[2][d] Wildlife protection 37:7.09[1][d]
DAM BREACH Generally 45:23.01 et seq. Authorized purpose 45:23.02[1] Clean Water Act (CWA) 45:23.02[3] Endangered Species Act (ESA) 45:23.02[2] Indian treaties 45:23.02[4] Liability for reimbursement 45:23.02[4]
DAMS Federal facility transfers 43:24.01 et seq.
DEEP WATER FACILITIES Generally 44:20.04[3]
DEFERENCE TO ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES Judicial interpretation of statutes 45:7.02[6]
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Administrative case law 46:16.04[5] Five-year patenting plan status 46:16.05[2] Judicial case law 46:16.04[6] Mechanisms for administrative change 46:16.03[2] Mining claim statistics 46:16.05[3] Policy documents 46:16.04[4] Regulations 46:16.04[3] Solicitor's opinions 46:16.04[2] Statutes, compliance 46:16.04[1]
DEPLETED OIL FIELDS Environmental liability (See OIL AND GAS ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION)
DEPTH-SEVERED MINERAL AND LEASEHOLD OWNERSHIP Access rights 49:26.03 Cost allocations 49:26.05,.06 COPAS Bulletin No. 2 49:26.05[1] Model Form Operating Agreement 49:26.05[2] Creation of depth-severed estate 49:26.02 Description of depth-severed estate 49:26.02[2] Liability between depth-severed owners 49:26.04
DERIVATIVES (See FINANCING)
DESERT LANDS ACT Generally 46:26.02[1][b]
DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENTS Bowie agreement 47:3.07 Community groups Environmental regulations 46:5.02[5] Mitigation, compensation, reparation, restoration measures 46:5.02[2][a] Public, private law 46:5.02[3][a] Public law annulments 46:5.02[3][a] Statute of limitations 46:5.02[3][a] Stillwater Mine 47:3.06
DEVELOPMENT CONFLICTS Multiple mineral (See MULTIPLE MINERAL DEVELOPMENT) Surface vs. mineral (See MINERAL ESTATE EASEMENT)
DILIGENT AND PRUDENT OPERATIONS (See also OPERATOR) Environmental law Breach of covenant 39:15.05 CERCLA 39:15.04[2] Hazardous solid waste 39:15.04[5] Implied covenants 39:15.02-.03 Petroleum exclusion 39:15.04[3] Prudent operator 39:15.02[3] RCRA 39:15.04[4], [6] Regulatory scheme 39:15.04[1]
DINGELL-JOHNSON ACT Non-endangered wildlife 42:12.02[4]
DISCLOSURE (See also SECURITIES LAWS) Client confidences 48:3.03[1]
DISCOVERY Generally 36:12.04[2][a]; 45:14.02[2]; 48:16D.01 et seq. Excess reserves rule 48:16D.01 et seq. Profitability 36:12.04[2][a] Prudent man rule 44:10.03, .06 Reasonable prospect of success 36:12.04[2][a] Valuable mineral deposit 44:10.03, .06
DISCRETION TO LEASE Non-endangered wildlife 42:12.05[2][a]
DISPOSAL OF PRODUCED WATER CERCLA liability 37:21.04[1] Coalbed methane gas 47:17.01 et seq. Endangered Species Act 37:21.03[2][d] Environmental assessment 37:21.03[2][e] Environmental indemnities in sales contracts 38:22.02[2][c] EPA fines 37:21.03[2][c] Federal lands 37:21.02[3], 21.03 Fee lands 37:21.01 et seq. Liability 37:21.04 NEPA procedures 37:21.03[2][e] NPDES permits 37:21.03[2][c] Wetlands 37:21.03[2][c]
DISPUTE RESOLUTION (See ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION)
DIVESTITURES Oil and gas Generally 49:6.01 et seq. Closing 49:6.07 Confidentiality agreement 49:6.04[2] Data preparation and presentation 49:6.03 Data rooms 49:6.03[2] Divestiture process 49:6.01 Due diligence 49:6.06 Identification of properties 49:6.02 Letters of intent 49:6.04[1][a],[b] Post-closing activities 49:6.08 Preliminary agreements 49:6.04 Purchase and sale agreement, terms 49:6.05
DIVISION ORDERS Absence of proof-of-title requirements 42:19.03[1][d] Calculation of royalty 42:19.02[3] Division order errors 42:19.02[4] Elimination of terms-of-sale clauses 42:19.03[1][c] Execution as prerequisite to payment 42:19.02[1] Fractionalized interest 42:19.02[5][c][i] Inability to condition payment on execution 42:19.03[1][a] Inappropriateness for specific situations 42:19.03[1][b] Minimum payment amounts 42:19.02[5][c] Model form division order 42:19.01 et seq. Modifying lease 42:19.02[3] Responsibility for payment 42:19.02[5][b] Revocability 42:19.02[5][a] Statutory minimums 42:19.02[5][c][ii] Unjust enrichment 42:19.02[4] Use as curative devices 42:19.02[2]
DOMINANT/SERVIENT ESTATES (See MINERAL ESTATE EASEMENT)
DRAINAGE Acid mine (See ACID MINE (ROCK) DRAINAGE) Damages 36:15.03[1][a] Fracing 44:19.04[2][c] Geophysical evidence 42:16.03[3] Implied covenant to protect against 36:15.03[1][a]; 42:18.02[2][b] Offsetting wells 36:15.03[1][a] "Substantial" 36:15.03[1][a]
DREDGED AND FILL PERMITS Generally 36:22.03[2]; 38:6.02[2]; 44:26.03[1]; 45:17.04[4]; 17.05; 46:27.02 EPA vetoes 36:22.04[2], 22.05[1][b]; 38:6.02[2] Indian lands 40:24.02 Nationwide permits 43:8.07[1] Wetlands 36:5.05[3], 22.03[2]; 38:6.01 et seq.
DUAL TAXATION Indian lands 39:2.03[3]
DUE DILIGENCE Depleted oil fields 38:22.03-.05; 42:17.07[2] International acquisitions 43:21.01 et seq. International operations 45:15.01 et seq.
DUE PROCESS CLAUSE Tribal taxes 36:17.03[1]
DUTY TO DISCLOSE Negotiations 42:1.02[3]-[4]
EASEMENTS (See MINERAL ESTATE EASEMENT)
ECONOMIC ESPIONAGE ACT OF 1996 Generally 48:15.01[3]
ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT Endangered Species Act 41:6.02 Interagency management 41:6.05 Judicial challenge 41:6.04[4] NMFS biological opinion 41:6.04[4][b] PACFISH 41:6.04[2] Riparian habitat 41:6.04[2][b] Non-endangered wildlife 42:12.06
ELECTRIC INDUSTRY RESTRUCTURING Coal issues 43:1.16 Electric industry deregulation 47:1.01 et seq. Background 47:1.01 Coal 47:1.03[3] Competition in electricity generation 47:1.02[1] Executive and legislative action 47:1.02[2] Fuel cell 47:1.02[3] Natural gas 47:1.03[2] Nuclear 47:1.03[4] Oil 47:1.03[6] Renewables 47:1.03[5] Energy Policy Act of 1992, 43:1.08[3] Federal regulation 43:1.05 Gas issues 43:1.17 Impacts of restructuring 43:1.13, 1.15 Order No. 888, 43:1.10[1] Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 43:1.08[1] State regulation 43:1.06 Stranded costs 43:1.11 Wheeling 43:1.04 et seq.
ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION Siting projects in the West 47:11.01 et seq. Case studies 47:11.04 Challenges 47:11.03 Recommendations 47:11.05 Siting obstacles 47:11.04[1] State siting laws and procedures 47:11.06
ELECTROMAGNETIC SURVEYS Generally 45:8.02[2][b]
ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION Generally 43:6.01 et seq. Attorney-client privilege 43:6.02[1] Case law 43:6.04[3] Communication technologies Facsimiles 43:6.03[2] Internet 43:6.03[3] Telephones 43:6.03[1] Duty of confidentiality 43:6.02[2] Electronic Communications Privacy Act 43:6.04[1][a] Ethical, legal issues 43:6.02 Legal malpractice 43:6.02[3] Privacy, privilege 43:6.02 et seq. Safeguards 43:6.04[2] State Data Protection Laws 43:6.04[1][b]
ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS PRIVACY ACT Generally 43:6.04[1][a]
ELEVENTH AMENDMENT Federalism 43:5.04
Privacy, privilege (See ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION)
EMERGENCY PLANNING AND COMMUNITY RIGHT-TO-KNOW ACT (EPCRA) Citizen suits 39:3.01 et seq. Environmental audits 39:6.02[1]
EMINENT DOMAIN (See also TAKINGS) In property valuation 36:11.05[5] Mining operations 43:13.01 et seq.
EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENTS (See also CONFIDENTIALITY AGREEMENTS) Generally 36:20.04[1]; 38:21.01 et seq.; 48:15.01 et seq.
EMPLOYMENT LAW Hiring competitor’s employees 48:15.02 [2][f] Pre-hiring questions 48:15.02[2][g]
EMPLOYMENT LAW, SALE OF MINE Alternative dispute resolution 39:8.04[1] Claim allocation between buyer, seller 39:8.03 Employee handbook issues 39:8.09[2] Individual employment contracts 39:8.06 Medical, disability plans 39:8.07 National Labor Relations Act 39:8.02 Representations and warranties 39:8.04 Retirement plans 39:8.10 Seniority 39:8.11 Severance payments 39:8.08 Union employees 39:8.02 Collective bargaining contracts 39:8.02[4] Drafting issues 39:8.02[7] Seller's bargaining obligation 39:8.02[6] Stock transaction 39:8.02[2] Successorship clauses 39:8.02[5] Workers' Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act (WARN) 39:8.05 Wrongful discharge liability 39:8.09
ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT (ESA) Generally 37:7.02 et seq. Biological assessment 37:7.02[2][b]; 38:5.03[2][b][ii] Biological opinion 37:7.02[2][b]; 38:5.03[2][b][iii] Candidate species 37:7.02[1] Citizen suits 39:3.01 et seq. Clean Water Act interaction 43:8.05; 45:17.04 Colorado River operation 46:25.05[2] Conflicts with Mining Law of 1872, 37:7.02[5] Critical habitat (See CRITICAL HABITAT) Cumulative impacts 37:7.02[2][b][iv] Dam breach 45:23.02[2] Disposal of produced water 37:21.03[2][d] Ecosystem Management (See ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT) EIS requirement 37:15.02[5][b] Groundwater regulation 43:22.05[4] Habitat protection 41:6.01 et seq.; 44:26.02[5] Impact on timber sales 38:5.02[1][b] Indian lands 39:2.02[3][i] Injunctive relief grounds 38:5.04[3] Land exchanges 46:22.07[2] Mining operations 37:7.02 Plants 38:5.03[3] Private projects 41:5.01 et seq. Proposed species 37:7.02[1] Recovery plans 38:5.05[2] Regulatory takings compensation 40:23.04[3] Section 4 listing 44:26.02[2] Section 7 obligations 37:7.02[2]; 40:23.02, .04; 44:26.02[3] Section 10(a) permit 37:7.02[4] Sixty day notice 38:5.04[1] Spotted owl 38:5.02[1], 5.03[1] Standard of review 38:5.04[2] State endangered species acts 38:5.01 Take prohibitions of Section 9, 37:7.02[3]; 38:5.03[3]; 40:23.03[1][a]-[c],[2]; 44:26.02[4] Threatened species 37:7.02[1]; 38:5.03[1][a] Water adjudications 41:24.06[4] Water rights 39:20.05[2][b] Water rights and water use Generally 48:22.01 et seq. State control, conflict with 48:22.01 et seq. State proposals 48:22.05 Water use Generally 40:23.02[1]-[4], 23.04[1] Litigation 40:04[2] Recovery programs 40:23.04[4] Watershed protection 45:24.01 et seq.
ENERGY POLICY ACT OF 1992 Generally 39:13.02[5]; 43:1.08[3]
ENERGY TRADING AND BANKRUPTCY (See also BANKRUPTCY) Automatic stay 48:2.03[3][c] Commodities Exchange Act 48:2.03[3][a][ii] Commodity and futures contracts 48:2.03[3] Enron 48:2.03 Multiple contracts 48:2.03[3][e] Parties covered 48:2.03[3][b] Preference actions 48:2.03[3][c][ii] Safe harbor 48:2.03[3][a][i]
ENRON (See BANKRUPTCY and ENERGY TRADING AND BANKRUPTCY)
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (EA) Generally 36:21.02[3]; 37:15.01 et seq. Development wells 37:15.02[6][b] Disposal of produced water 37:21.03[2][e] Exploratory wells 37:15.02[6][a] Notice of intent 36:21.04[2][b] Plan of operation 36:21.04[2][b] Third-party contracting 37:15.06[1]
ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITS Generally 36:5.10[1]; 39:6.03; 42:7.01 et seq. Acquisition of depleted oil fields 42:17.07[2] Common law protections 48:3.02[3], 3.03[5][b] Confidentiality 39:6.03[1][e]; 42:7.04 Criminal liability 39:6.02[3] Damage mitigation 39:6.03[1][b] Disclosure obligations 39:6.03[2][e] EPA Generally 39:6.02[2][a] Enforcement settlement 39:6.02[2][b] No repeat violations 42:7.05[1][a][vii] Prevent recurrence 42:7.05[1][a][vi] Self-Policing Policy 42:7.03[7], 7.05[1] Voluntary discovery 42:7.05[1][a][ii] Federal regulation 39:6.02 Health, safety 39:6.03[1][d] Insurance issues 39:6.03[1][f] International operations 42:3.03[2][f], 7.03 Legal privileges Attorney-client 39:6.04[1],[3], 6.05[2]; 42:7.04[1] Crime-fraud exception 39:6.04[3] Fifth Amendment 39:6.04[3] Waiver 39:6.04[4] Work product 39:6.04[2]-[3], 6.05[2]; 42:7.04[2] Lending issues 39:6.03[1][f] Liability control 39:6.03[1][c] Management system standards British standards 42:7.03[3] Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies Principles 42:7.03[1] European Community Eco-Management and Audit Scheme 42:7.03[5] Global Environmental Management Initiative (GEMI) 42:7.03[2] International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) 42:7.03[2] ISO 14000 Series 42:7.03[6] Responsible Care Program 42:7.03[4] Privilege and immunity laws 48:3.03[5][b], 3.06 Responsible corporate officer doctrine 39:6.02[3] Self-auditing 36:5.10[3] Sentencing guidelines 39:6.02[2][d] State policies, laws 42:7.02[5] Third party exposure 39:6.03[2][c]
ENVIRONMENTAL CITIZEN SUITS Generally 44:3.01 et seq.; 46:12.01 et seq. Administrative orders 39:3.03[3][b] Agency enforcement 46:12.04[1] Attorney fees 46:12.05[3] Certification 46:21.02-.06 Clean Air Act 39:3.01 et seq. Clean Water Act 39:3.01 et seq.; 43:8.08 CERCLA 39:3.01 et seq. Consent decree 39:3.03[3][c],[e][iii] Corporate environmental affairs 39:3.03 Cost recovery 40:6.05[1] Diligent prosecution 46:12.04[2] Environmental audit as a defense 42:7.05[1][b] Federal vs. state court 46:12.04[4] Intervention 46:12.04[3] Litigation strategy 39:3.02 Mootness 46:12.03[2] New claims 46:12.05[4] Oil field cleanup 42:17.03[3][a] Past violations, past owners 46:12.05[1] RCRA 39:3.01 et seq. RCRA suits for CERCLA relief 46:12.04[4], 12.05[2] Settlement 39:3.03[3] Standing 46:12.03[1] Statutory limitations 46:12.04 Vs. Qui tam suits 44:3.02
ENVIRONMENTAL CLEANUPS Institutional controls Generally 49:23.01 et seq. Emerging role 49:23.02[1] Enforceability issues 49:23.07 Enforcement agreements and permits 49:23.03[4] Governmental controls 49:23.03[3] Informational devices 49:23.03[2] Monitoring 49:23.06 Planning 49:23.04 Proprietary controls 49:23.03[1] Selection and implementation 49:23.05 Types 49:23.03
ENVIRONMENTAL CLEANUPS, COST RECOVERY Citizen suits 40:6.05[1] Common law tort claims 40:6.05[3] Contractual claims 40:6.05[2]; 44:14.02 Contribution claims Apportionment of liability 40:6.03[2] Insurance 40:6.06 Pollution exclusion 40:6.06[7] Potentially responsible parties 40:6.02[1][a] Right of contribution 40:6.03[1] Insurance coverage 47:20.01 et seq. Private right of action 40:6.02 Private Superfund claims 40:6.04; 45:14.06[2] Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 40:6.05[1], [3]
ENVIRONMENTAL DISCLOSURE Voluntary Federal policies 48:3.03[5][a], 3.05 Regulatory violations 48:3.03[5], 3.03[6]
ENVIRONMENTAL DISCLOSURE UNDER FEDERAL SECURITIES LAWS Generally 38:4.02 Attorney-client privilege 38:4.04[2] Auditor requests for information 38:4.03 Criminal sanctions against lawyers 38:4.04[4] Duty of confidentiality 38:4.04[1] Material misstatements or omissions in reports/registration statements 38:4.02[4] Materiality standards 38:4.02[6] Rule 10b-5, 38:4.02[5] Voluntary environmental compliance audits 38:4.05 Attorney-client privilege 38:4.05[3][a] Conducting 38:4.05[5] Current government policy 38:4.05[2] Disclosure of audit findings 38:4.05[3] Self-evaluation privilege 38:4.05[3][c] Work product doctrine 38:4.05[3][b] Withdrawal from representation 38:4.04[3]
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (EIS) Generally 36:21.04; 37:15.02[2]-[5], 21.03[2][e] Development wells 37:15.02[6][b] Exploratory wells 37:15.02[6][a] Leasable minerals 36:21.04[4] Staged analysis 36:21.04[4][a] Locatable minerals 36:21.04[2] Mitigation 36:21.05[3] Site-specific 37:15.03[2]-[3] Third-party contracting 37:15.06[1] Tiering to previous EIS 37:15.02[3] Wilderness areas 37:15.02[5][a]
ENVIRONMENTAL INDEMNITIES Contract drafting 38:22.03; 42:17.07[3] Depleted oil field transactions 42:17.07 Due diligence 38:22.05 "Innocent Landowner" standard 38:22.05[2][a] Due diligence, remediation provisions 38:22.03[6] "As Is" 38:22.04[1] Right to cure 38:22.03[6][a] Seller-desired due diligence 38:22.03[6][c] Indemnification provisions 38:22.03[4] Enforceability under CERCLA 38:22.04[2][a] Enforceability under state law 38:22.04[2][b] Limitations 38:22.03 Materiality standard or industry practice 38:22.03[2][c] Mining ventures 39:7.02[2] Purchase price adjustments 38:22.04[3] Representations and warranties 38:22.03
ENVIRONMENTAL INSURANCE (See also INSURANCE) Cleanup and development risks, management of 47:20.01 et seq. Comprehensive General Liability Policies 47:20.03[1] New products 47:20.03 Coverages available 47:20.05[3] Due diligence and disclosure 47:20.03[3] Finite risk policies 47:20.02[2], 20.03[2], 20.05[3][c] Manuscripted insurance policies 47:20.03[2], 20.03[5], 20.05[9] Pollution legal liability policies 47:20.03[2], 20.05[3][a] Potential benefits 47:20.04[1] Potential disadvantages 47:20.04[2] Qualified settlement fund 47:20.02[2], 20.05[10] Specialized brokers 47:20.03[4] Specific risks covered 47:20.03[2] Steps to obtaining coverage 47:20.05 Tax implications of environmental cleanup 47:20.05[10] Underwriting process 47:20.05[6]-[8]
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW (See also specific acts and subject headings) Acid rock drainage 42:15.01 et seq. Audits (See ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITS) Breach of implied covenant, diligent, prudent operations 39:15.01 et seq. California (See CALIFORNIA ENVIRONMENTAL STATUTES) Citizen suits (See ENVIRONMENTAL CITIZEN SUITS) Civil & criminal liability Generally 36:5.09[1]; 37:1.02[3]; 38:1.01 et seq.; 39:6.02[2][c]-[d],[3] Civil vs. criminal enforcement 43:9.02[2] Clean Air Act 37:6.04[1]; 39:6.02[3] Clean Water Act 37:4.03[1]; 39:6.02[3] Department of Justice (DOJ) 38:1.03[2] Disposal of Produced Water 37:21.04[1] Endangered Species Act 37:7.02[3][b] Environmental audits 39:6.02[2][c]-[d],[3], 6.03[1][c], [2][a] Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 38:1.03[2] Federal sentencing guidelines 43:9.02[1], 9.04 Indemnities in sales contracts 38:22.01 et seq. Intent 38:1.03[3][a] Knowledge requirement 43:9.03[2][b] Migratory Bird Treaty Act 37:7.09[1] Mining ventures 39:7.02[2], 7.03[2] Non-operators 37:1.01 et seq. Personal liability of officers and directors 43:9.02 et seq. Pollution Prosecution Act 38:1.03[2] Potential defendants 38:1.03[1] Prevention of violations 38:1.05 Public welfare offense doctrine 43:9.03[2][b][i] Punishment other than imprisonment 38:1.03[3][c] Reporting requirements 38:4.01 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 39:6.02[3] Responsible corporate officer doctrine 43:9.03[2][a] Sentencing guidelines 38:1.03[3][b] Shareholders 39:7.03[2] State enforcement 38:1.03[2] Strict liability 39:6.02[3] Under CAA 43:9.03[3][b] Under CERCLA 43:9.03[3][d] Under FWPCA 43:9.03[3][a] Under RCRA 43:9.03[3][c] Cleanup (See ENVIRONMENTAL CLEANUPS, COST RECOVERY; MINE WASTE CLEANUP) Cultural resources (See ARCHAEOLOGICAL REGULATION) Depleted oil fields (See OIL AND GAS ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION) Diligent, prudent operations 39:15.01 et seq. Disposal of produced water 37:21.04[1] Ecosystem management (See ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT) Environmental indemnities 38:22.01 et seq. Environmental Management Systems (EMS) 42:7.01 et. seq. Foreign investments, Latin America 38:3.02[3][b] Incentives for developing geothermal power 37:2.03[1] Indian lands 42:11.03[2] Insurance (See INSURANCE) International natural resource operations (See INTERNATIONAL NATURAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT) Liability (See Civil & criminal liability, supra) Management systems 45:18.03[1] Mine closure 41:8.03, 8.04 Mining operations 43:14.01 et seq. Mining water quality (See MINING, GROUNDWATER QUALITY REGULATION; MINING, SURFACE WATER QUALITY REGULATION) NEPA 37:15.01 et seq. Oil and gas operations (See OIL AND GAS ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION) Overfiling by EPA 46:14.01[4] Regulation of private projects 41:5.01 et seq. Reporting requirements 38:4.01 Scientific evidence (See EVIDENCE, SCIENTIFIC) SEC disclosure requirements 38:4.02-4.06 Soil cleanup standards 37:5.01 et seq. State water quality standards on interstate streams 37:23.01 et seq. States vs. federal enforcement 46:14.01 et seq. Water adjudications 41:24.06 Water cleanup, mines (See MINE WASTE CLEANUP) Wetlands 38:6.01 et seq. Wildlife protection in mining operations 37:7.01 et seq.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA) Audits of state enforcement 46:14.01[3] CERCLA administration 37:1.02[1][b] Control of surface water toxics 36:23.01, 23.02[2] BAT standards 36:23.02[3] Strategy 36:23.02[3] Disposal of produced water Application for permit to drill 37:21.02[3] EPA fines 37:21.03[2][c] Environmental audits 39:6.02[2] EPA/GAO audits of state enforcement 46:14.01[3] Guidance/state water quality criteria 36:23.03[2] Incentives for remining 36:4.05[2] Investigation of criminal violations 38:1.03[2] Liability under CERCLA for mine waste reprocessing 36:4.05[1] Mining regulation 43:14.01 et seq. NEPA authority 36:21.02[1] New water toxicity guidelines 36:23.03[3][b] Overfiling 46:14.01[4]-[5] Petroleum exclusion 39:16.04[4][a] Punitive damages 37:1.02[3][a] Regulation of air pollution 37:6.01 et seq. Regulation of interstate waters 37:23.01, 23.04[3], 23.05 Regulation of water pollutants 37:4.01[2], 4.02-.04 Role in water allocation (See also WATER ALLOCATION) 36:22.01 et seq. State enforcement actions 46:14.01 et seq. Strawman II (See STRAWMAN II) Wetlands 38:6.01 et seq.
ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTING CERCLA requirements 38:4.01[1] Exemptions 38:4.01[1][b] Notification of release 38:4.01[1][a] Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) 38:4.01[4][a]-[c] Federal Water Pollution Control Act 38:4.01[5] Designated waters 38:4.01[5][a][i] Exemptions 38:4.01[5][a][iii] Oil and hazardous substance spill reporting 38:4.01[5][a] Point source records and reports 38:4.01[5][b] Reportable quantities 38:4.01[5][a][ii] RCRA 38:4.01[2] Underground storage tanks 38:4.01[2][b] Solid Waste Disposal Act 38:4.01[2] Toxic Substances Control Act 38:4.01[3] PCB items 38:4.01[3][a] PCB spills 38:4.01[3][b]
EQUAL FOOTING DOCTRINE Generally 46:26.02[1][b], 26.03[1][b]
ESA (See ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT)
ESCROW AGREEMENTS Bankruptcy 38:13.08[1]
ESTOPPEL AGAINST THE UNITED STATES Valid existing rights 44:24.02[4]
ETHICS AAPL Code of Ethics 36:20.03[1] ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct Rule 1.6 48:3.02[1], 3.03[1] Attorneys, professional liability (See ATTORNEY LIABILITY) Codes of Ethics 36:2.01[2] Confidentiality (See CONFIDENTIALITY AGREEMENTS) Conflicts of interest (See CONFLICTS OF INTEREST) Government agency personnel, contact with Generally 44:4.01 et seq. Adjudications 44:4.02[1][a] Administrative law background 44:4.02 ALI Restatement 44:4.05 Defining represented non-clients 44:4.05[2] Imputed action test 44:4.06[2] Managing/speaking agent test 44:4.06[1] Party-to-party communications 44:4.05[1] "Reno Rules" 44:4.04[1] Rulemaking 44:4.02[1][b] State Bar Ethics Committee opinions 44:4.04[4] Landmen Unauthorized practice of law 49:25.01 et seq. Landmen, professional liability 46:24.02 Lawyer as evaluator 36:2.08 Lawyer as intermediary 36:2.07 Lawyer as negotiator 36:2.06 Lawyer investing in mineral property 36:2.03 Malpractice (See MALPRACTICE) Multidisciplinary and multijurisdictional law practice 47:4.01 et seq. Future trends 47:4.03 Implications for environmental and resource lawyers 47:4.03[2] Multidisciplinary practice 47:4.05 Multijurisdictional practice 47:4.04 Unauthorized practice of law 47:4.04 Negotiations 42:1.01 et seq. Restatement of Law Governing Lawyers 48:3.03[1] Sharing of fees 36:2.09
EVIDENCE, SCIENTIFIC Administrative decisionmaking 40:7.08 Evidentiary reliability 40:7.03, 7.04 Expert testimony 40:7.06 Geophysical 42:16.03 Mathematical modeling 40:7.05[3][a] Procedural considerations 40:7.07 Scientific error 40:7.02[3]-[4] Toxic tort causation 40:7.05[1]-[3] Uncertain validity 40:7.05[3][b] Use in natural resource law 40:7.02[1]
EXCAVATION Generally 46:27.02[1][c]
EXCHANGE CONTROLS (See CURRENCY EXCHANGE CONTROLS)
EXCHANGEABLE SHARES Mergers, acquisitions 46:17.01 et seq.
EXCHANGES, WATER (See WATER QUALITY EXCHANGES)
EXECUTION OF INSTRUMENTS Generally 37:20.01 et seq. Acknowledgments 37:20.13 Attorney-in-fact 37:20.09 Corporations 37:20.07 Estates 37:20.11 Federal leases and assignments 37:20.12 Individuals 37:20.04 Minors and incompetents 37:20.10 Partnerships 37:20.05-.06 Spousal joinder 37:20.04[3] State requirements 37:20.04[3][e] Trusts 37:20.08
EXECUTIVE RIGHTS Generally 36:15.04[1]
EXECUTIVE WITHDRAWALS (See WITHDRAWALS, EXECUTIVE)
EXON-FLORIO AMENDMENT Generally 39:7.07[2]
EXPLORATION AGREEMENT Seismic survey (See GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION)
EXTENSION OF LEASES (See LEASES, OIL AND GAS)
EXTRALATERAL RIGHTS Generally 38:11.02[2][c]
FAIR MARKET VALUE Generally 36:11.03
FALSE CLAIMS ACT Citizen suits 46:12.03[1][a]
FARMOUT AGREEMENTS Liability under environmental laws 37:1.07[2] Mining ventures 37:10.01[1] Preferential right to purchase 36:18.05[2]; 37:9.02
FAVORED NATIONS CLAUSE Generally 36:16.04[1],[4]
FEASIBILITY STUDIES Acquiring rights to potential site 42:13.02[2][b] As condition in Form 5 42:13.02[2][b] As trigger for buyback rights 42:13.04[3][e] As trigger for end of carry 42:13.04[3][b] Bankability concept 42:13.03[3] Capital 42:13.04[1][a] Carrying 42:13.04[1][a] Condition for vesting of property rights 42:13.04 Conflict resolution 42:13.04[4] Decision to seek financing 42:13.04[3][d] Definition 42:13.03[2] Dilution 42:13.04[1][a] Drafting suggestions 42:13.05 Earn-in agreement 42:13.02[2] Economic evaluation 42:13.03[1] Evaluation of potential sites 42:13.02[3] Exploration period 42:13.04[3][a] Increased interest provision 42:13.04[3][c] Pre-feasibility 42:13.03[1] Project financing requirements 42:13.04[2] Technical arbitration 42:13.04[4][a] Vesting 42:13.04[1][b] Warehousing projects 42:13.04[1][c]
FEDERAL AID IN FISH RESTORATION ACT Non-endangered wildlife 42:12.02[4]
FEDERAL AID IN WILDLIFE RESTORATION ACT Non-endangered wildlife 42:12.02[4]
FEDERAL ARBITRATION ACT Generally 42:20.02[3]
FEDERAL COAL LEASING AMENDMENTS ACT Generally 41:2.04[1][c]-[d]
FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION (FERC) Deregulation (See also GAS, Regulatory Restructuring) 39:16.02[1] Gas gathering (See GAS GATHERING SYSTEMS) Mega-NOPR Generally 38:16.05 Open access policy 38:16.05[3] Unbundling 38:16.05[2] Orders (See FERC ORDER NO.) Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act Orders implementing 37:16.03[8] Regulation of condemnation proceedings 36:14.07 Regulation of gas transportation 37:16.01 et seq. Regulatory restructuring 39:13.01 et seq.
FEDERAL FACILITY TRANSFERS Generally 43:24.01 et seq. Reclamation Facilities Transfer Act 43:24.03[4][a] Structuring an agreement 43:24.07 Title transfer 43:24.04
FEDERAL GAS VALUATION Generally 41:18.01 et seq.
FEDERAL LAND EXCHANGE FACILITATION ACT Generally 46:22.02
FEDERAL LAND EXCHANGES (See LAND EXCHANGES)
FEDERAL LAND GRANTS To states in trust 44:5.02, .04
FEDERAL LAND POLICY AND MANAGEMENT ACT (FLPMA) Emergency withdrawals 48:25.03[4] Land exchanges 46:22.02 Legislative veto 48:25.03[6] Management decisions 48:25.03[5], 25.05[3] Millsites 38:12.03-.04 Mining filing requirements 37:12.02[7], 12.03[1][a]; 40:8.04[2]-[3] Non-endangered wildlife 42:12.03[2][a] Reclamation bonding 37:19.02[3][a] Rights-of-way 45:20.02[2][c] Special use authorizations 45:20.02[2][c][ii] Surface-use restrictions 38:19.03[1], 19.04[2][b] Wildlife protection 37:7.04 Withdrawals 43:4.02, 4.04[2]; 48:25.03 Informal decisions 48:25.05[2]
FEDERAL LANDS (See also PUBLIC LANDS) Access over 45:20.02 Land exchanges 43:2.01 et seq., 46:22.01 et seq. Leases (See LEASES, FEDERAL OIL AND GAS) NEPA compliance 37:15.01 et seq. Ownership of coalbed methane gas 37:13.04 Reclamation bonding 37:19.02[2][a],[3][a], 19.03, 19.04[2] Royalties (See MINERALS MANAGEMENT SERVICE) Withdrawals 43:4.01 et seq.
FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT Enforcement (See MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION) Mine Safety and Health Administration (See MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION)
FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION Mine safety enforcement 40:10.02
FEDERAL OIL AND GAS ROYALTY MANAGEMENT ACT (FOGRMA) Royalty accounting for disproportionate gas sales 38:15.06[1]
FEDERAL OIL AND GAS ROYALTY SIMPLIFICATION AND FAIRNESS ACT (RSFA) Generally 46:1.04[4]
FEDERAL ONSHORE OIL AND GAS LEASING REFORM ACT OF 1987 (FOOGLRA) Generally 38:20.01-.04 Bidding process 38:20.03[2] Lease administration 38:20.01-.04 Lease application 38:20.03[2] Non-endangered wildlife 42:12.05[2][a] Reclamation bonding 37:19.02[2][a] Rentals 38:20.03[3] Royalties 38:20.04[5]
FEDERAL POWER ACT Generally 43:1.05 Federal statutes as restriction to beneficial water use 44:26.05[3] Hydroelectric projects 43:23.01 et seq.
FEDERAL REGULATION OF PRIVATE PROJECTS CEQ regulations 41:5.04[3] Corps NEPA regulations 41:5.04[4] Corps section 404 guidelines 41:5.04[5] Failure to act 41:5.02[4] Federal action 41:5.01 et seq. Federal discretion, control 41:5.02[3] Federal "enablement" 41:5.04[1] Federal funding 41:5.03 Federal nexus 41:5.02[2] Federal permitting, authorizing, licensing 41:5.03[4]
FEDERAL RESERVED WATER RIGHTS (See also INDIAN RESERVED WATER RIGHTS) Generally 37:22.01 et seq.; 49:17.02[3] Abandonment 37:22.05 Big Horn adjudication 46:26.03[4][a] Channel maintenance 46:26.03[2] Development of doctrine 37:22.02 Doctrine 46:26.02[1] Extension to non-Indian land reservations 46:26.02[1][b] Groundwater 43:22.05[5] Instream flow 46:26.03 Judicial limitations 37:22.03[2] McCarran Amendment 46:26.02[2][a] Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act 46:26.03[3][a] Primary vs. secondary purposes 46:26.03[1] Quantification requirements 37:22.06 Relationship with state law 37:22.04 Scope 37:22.03[1] Statutory interpretation 37:22.03[3] Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968 46:26.03[3][b] Wilderness Act 46:26.03[3][c] Wilderness purposes 37:22.07 FEDERAL ROYALTIES (See MINERALS MANAGEMENT SERVICE)
FEDERAL SENTENCING GUIDELINES Corporate officers 43:9.02[1]
FEDERAL UNITS (See UNITS, FEDERAL)
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT (FWPCA or CWA) (See CLEAN WATER ACT)
FEDERALISM Commerce Clause 43:5.02 Eleventh Amendment 43:5.04 Tenth Amendment 43:5.03 FERC ORDER NO. 144 Index pricing 42:10.02[1]
FERC ORDER NO. 380 Generally 37:16.03[1]; 39:13.02[3]
FERC ORDER NO. 436 Generally 37:16.03[2]; 39:13.02[4]; 40:15.05[3]; 44:20.02-.03 Implementation 38:16.04[2] Index pricing 42:10.01-10.02[3]
FERC ORDER NO. 451 Generally 37:16.03[4]
FERC ORDER NO. 490 Generally 37:16.03[5]
FERC ORDER NO. 497 Generally 37:16.03[6]
FERC ORDER NO. 500 Generally 37:16.03[3]; 39:13.02[4]; 40:15.05[3] Index pricing 42:10.01-10.02[3]
FERC ORDER NO. 509 Generally 37:16.03[8]
FERC ORDER NO. 523 Generally 37:16.03[7]
FERC ORDER NO. 636 Generally 38:16.05; 39:13.02-.05; 40:15.01 et seq.; 44:20.02-.03 Allocations 40:15.07[2][c], [3][c] Cash out penalties 40:15.11 Curtailment 38:16.05[5] Form 610 JOA 40:15.09 Gas plant operators 40:15.10 Gathering system operators 40:15.10 Index pricing 42:10.01-10.02[3] Joint operations 40:15.09 Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978, 40:15.05[1] Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act of 1989 40:15.05[4] Nominations 40:15.07[2][a], [3][a] Operations 38:16.05[4] Order 436, relation to 40:15.05[3] Order 500, relation to 40:15.05[3] Penalties 40:15.07[2][b], [3][b] Pipeline as merchant 40:15.06[6] Pipeline sales 38:16.05[7] Pre-order 636 structure 40:15.05[5] Processing plant operators 40:15.10 Purpose 40:15.06[1] Rate Design 38:16.05[6] Requirements 40:15.06 Royalty 40:15.11 Straight fixed variable 40:15.06[5] Supply, demand 40:15.05[2] Transition costs 38:16.05[8] Underground gas storage 40:19.01[4], 19.04[3] Upstream operator responsibilities 40:15.08 Wellhead Operators 40:15.08
FERC ORDER NO. 888 Generally 43:1.01 et seq.
FIDUCIARY DUTY Of attorney 46:24.02[6] Of operator (See OPERATOR)
FIFTH AMENDMENT Water rights Generally 48:23.01 et seq.
FINANCIAL ASSURANCE REQUIREMENTS Hazardous substances 43:14.03[1][c][ii]
FINANCING Acquisition of oil & gas properties 39:16.01 et seq. Commodity Exchange Act 41:16.03[1] Derivatives 41:16.01 et seq. Foreign (See FOREIGN INVESTMENT AND FINANCING) Futures contracts 41:16.01[2][b; 43:11.l03[1][a] Hedging 41:16.04[1]-[2]; 43:11.03; 46:18.01 et seq. Options 41:16.01[2]; 43:11.03[1][c]; 46:18.03[2] Production payments as acquisition method (See PRODUCTION PAYMENTS) State bucket-shop laws 41:16.03[2] Swaps 41:16.01[2][c]-[e] Taxes 41:16.03[3], 16.04[4]
FISH AND WILDLIFE COORDINATION ACT OF 1934 Generally 37:7.11 Indian lands 39:2.02[3][j]
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE (See UNITED STATES FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE)
FIXTURE Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) Definition 36:8.01[1][d]
FLPMA (See FEDERAL LAND POLICY AND MANAGEMENT ACT)
FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY Generally 46:26.03[2][a]-[b]
FOGRMA (See FEDERAL OIL AND GAS ROYALTY MANAGEMENT ACT)
FORCE MAJEURE Generally 46:8.04[3] Clause in gas sales contracts 36:16.12 Commercial impracticability (See UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE)
FORCE POOLING (See POOLING)
FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARD ENFORCEMENT (See ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION)
FOREIGN CORRUPT PRACTICES ACT (See INTERNATIONAL NATURAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT)
FOREIGN INVESTMENT AND FINANCING Generally 38:3.03 Collateral pledge/financing documents 45:19.04[10] Construction, completion arrangements 45:19.04[4] Currency exchange controls Generally 42:9.02 Brady Bond Market 42:9.03[2][f] Central Bank 42:9.03[2][b]-[c] JAC / OTAC 42:9.03[2][c] Minimizing effects 42:9.07 Venezuelan system 42:9.03-9.06 Debt-equity swaps 38:3.03[3] Domestic financing 45:19.03[7] Draft investment contract 38:10.08 Environmental, other permits 45:19.04[8] Equipment/vendor financing 45:19.03[5] Export credit agencies 45:19.03[3] Export-Import Bank 38:3.03[1] Guarantees 38:03[1][b] Foreign direct investment 38:3.02 Brazil 38:3.02[2][b] Chile 38:3.02[2][c] Mexico 38:3.02[2][a] Foreign Investment and Real Property Act 39:7.07[4][d] Guarantees 38:3.03[1][b] In-bond companies ("maquiladoras") 38:3.02[3][a] International Bank for Reconstruction & Development (IBRD) 41:7.02[2], 7.03; 44:7.02 International bank market 45:19.03[4] International capital markets 45:19.03[4] International Centre For Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) 41:7.02[6]; 44:7.05 International Development Association (IDA) 41:7.02[3], 7.04; 44:7.02 International Finance Corporation 41:7.02[4], 7.05 Mineral development 41:7.04-7.07 Joint ventures 38:3.03[3][c][ii] Legal requirements 45:19.04[10] Loan program 38:3.03[1][a] Material contracts 45:19.04[7] Multilateral institutions 45:19.03[3] Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) 41:7.02[5], 7.06; 44:7.04 Offtake arrangements 45:19.04[6] Operational arrangements 45:19.04[5] Ore body risk 45:19.04[2] Overseas Private Insurance Corporation (OPIC) 38:3.03[2] Political risk coverage 45:19.04[9] Repayment terms 38:3.03[1][c] Tax planning 38:3.03[3][c][iii] Title confirmation 45:19.04[3] Trading company financing 45:19.03[6] World Bank Generally 41:7.01 et seq.; 44:7.01 Best international practice 44:7.02[3] Capital sources 44:7.03[2] Environmental issues 41:7.03[4]; 42:3.02[5] Financing private sector 44:7.03[1] Guarantee program 44:7.04[2] Project development 44:7.02[1] Small-scale, artisanal mining 44:7.02[2]
FOREIGN JUDGMENT ENFORCEMENT Final judgments 41:9.01[2][b] Grounds for refusal 41:9.01[4] Discretionary 41:9.01[4][b] Due process 41:9.01[4][a][i] Mandatory 41:9.01[4][a] Personal jurisdiction 41:9.01[4][a][ii] Jurisdiction 41:9.01[5] Penal judgment 41:9.01[2][c] Prejudgment 41:9.01[6] Reciprocity 41:9.01[3] State law 41:9.01[1] Tax judgment 41:9.01[2][c]
FOREIGN NATURAL RESOURCE OPERATIONS (See INTERNATIONAL NATURAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT)
FOREIGN OWNERSHIP OF PROPERTY (See INTERNATIONAL NATURAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT)
FOREST SERVICE (See UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE)
FORM 1 (See UNIT OPERATING AGREEMENT, FEDERAL)
FORM 2 (See UNIT OPERATING AGREEMENT, FEDERAL)
FORM 5 (See MINING VENTURE AGREEMENT MODEL FORM (FORM 5) and MINING VENTURE AGREEMENT MODEL FORM, LATIN AMERICA)
FORM 5A (See MINING VENTURE AGREEMENT MODEL FORM (FORM 5A))
FORM 5A LLC (See MINING VENTURE AGREEMENT MODEL FORM (FORM 5A LLC))
FORM 610 MODEL JOINT OPERATING AGREEMENT Generally 41:13.02[1]; 42:4.01; 47:13.01 et seq. Accounting procedure 47:14.04, 15.13; 48:26.01 et seq. Direct charges 47:14.04[6][a] Excessive costs 47:15.13 Overhead 47:14.04[6][b] AFE overrun 36:18.02[2][b] Arbitration 47:15.12 Area of mutual interest 47:15.09 Assignment of operator's rights 47:13.04[3], 15.11 Change of operator provisions 47:13.04 Compared with other form operating agreements 42:4.01 et seq. Confidentiality 47:15.07 Decision-making by parties 42:4.04[1] Drilling and development 47:15.05 Duty of the operator 47:15.02 Empowerment of operator 42:4.03[1] Excessive operating expenditures 36:18.02 Exculpatory clause 47:15.03 Exhibits 47:14.01 et seq. Expenditures and liabilities 47:15.06 Facilities 47:15.08 Fiduciary relationship 36:18.02[1], 18.03 Gas balancing agreement 47:14.06 Geological information 36:18.04 Insurance requirements 47:14.05 Lands and interests covered, description of 47:14.02 Maintenance of uniform interest 47:13.03, 15.10 Matters inadequately covered 47:15.01 et seq. Non-discrimination 47:14.07 Oil and gas lease, form of 47:14.03 Preferential right to purchase Generally 36:18.05[1]; 47:13.02 Enforceability 47:13.02[2] Exclusions 47:13.02[3] In farmouts 36:18.05[2]; 37:9.02 Non-operating interests, application to 47:13.02[4] Package sales 47:13.02[3][b][iv] Purpose 47:13.02[1] Removal of operator 36:18.03; 37:8.01 et seq.; 42:4.05[1]; 47:15.04 Sales and acquisitions of property 47:13.01 et seq. Tax partnership 47:14.08
FORWARDS Generally 46:18.03[1]
FRACING Generally 44:19.01 et seq.
FRAUD Bre-X scandal 45:3.01 et seq.
FUTURES Generally 43:11.03; 46:18.03[1] Financing oil & gas ventures 41:16.01[2][b]
FWPCA (See CLEAN WATER ACT)
GAS (See also NATURAL GAS) Federal gas valuation 41:18.01 et seq. Index pricing (See INDEX PRICING) Lease maintenance 41:15.01 et seq. Marketing (See GAS MARKETING; IMPLIED COVENANTS) Measurement, federal government role in 47:16.02[5] Measurement litigation False Claims Act 47:16.02 Qui Tam litigation 47:16.02 Quinque action 47:16.03 Relator 47:16.02 MMS Royalty-in-Kind Pilot Program (See MINERALS MANAGEMENT SERVICE) Negotiated rulemaking Generally 41:18.01 et seq. Index pricing 42:10.04[3], 10.05[1], 10.07[1] Order No. 436 (See FERC ORDER NO. 436) Order No. 500 (See FERC ORDER NO. 500) Order No. 636 (See FERC ORDER NO. 636) Post-production costs (See IMPLIED COVENANTS; ROYALTIES) Regulatory restructuring 39:13.01 et seq. Royalties (See ROYALTIES) Royalties, post-production costs (See IMPLIED COVENANTS) Sales to affiliates 42:18.04[5], 18.05[8] Take-or-pay (See SETTLEMENTS; TAKE-OR-PAY PAYMENTS) Transmission vs. gathering 44:20.01 et seq. Underground storage (See UNDERGROUND GAS STORAGE)
GAS BALANCING Imbalance penalties 36:16.11[2] Tract allocation 36:13.03[4][c] Weighted average rule 36:13.03[4][b]
GAS BALANCING AGREEMENT Generally 36:13.01 et seq. Accounting to royalty owners 36:13.04[6] Additional provisions 40:16.11[9] Affiliate contracts 40:16.06[5] Arbitration 40:16.11[8] Assignments 40:16.10 Audit rights 40:16.04[4] Balancing in kind 36:13.04[4][a]; 40:16.05 Balancing event 36:13.04[5][a] Calculating over- and under-production 36:13.04[3][a] Cash balancing 36:13.04[4][a]; 40:16.06 Defined terms 40:16.02[4] Distribution of settlement proceeds 40:16.06[4] Duty to take 40:16.03[3] Forms of 47:14.06 Governmental production allowables 40:16.11[4] Gross negligence standard 40:16.08[3] How imbalances arise 36:13.02 "Capture" 36:13.02 True cotenancy 36:13.02,.02[1] Indemnification 40:16.11[7] Interim cash balancing 40:16.07 Liability 40:16.06[7] Limitations on right to overproduce 40:16.03[4] Make-up gas 40:16.05[2]-[5] Make-up rights 36:13.04[4][b] Model forms 40:16.01 et seq. Monthly volume statements 40:16.04[1]-[2] Nomination 40:16.03[5] Operating expenses 40:16.11[1] Operator fee 40:16.11[2] Operator responsibilities, liabilities 40:16.08 Purpose 36:13.04[1][a]; 40:16.01[1] Recording memorandum 40:16.11[6] Remedies 40:16.01[2] Rights Generally 40:16.01[2] Of selling parties 36:13.04[2] To take share 40:16.03[1]-[2] Royalties 40:16.09 Royalty payment by overproducer 36:13.03[4][a][i] Settlement "in kind" 40:16.06[6] Statements of gas volumes 40:16.04 Taxes Generally 36:13.04[4][d]; 40:16.09 Election 40:16.11[5] Tortious interference with 36:13.04[1][b] Underproduction accounts 40:16.05[1] Well tests 40:16.11[3] Willful misconduct standard 40:16.08[3]
GAS GATHERING SYSTEMS Agreements 43:19.01 et seq. Antitrust issues 43:19.02[4] Deep waters facilities 44:20.04[3] Federal regulation Generally 39:18.02; 43:19.02[2] Mineral Leasing Act 39:18.02[2] Natural Gas Act of 1938, 39:18.02[1] Rights-of-way 39:18.02[2] Safety regulation 39:18.02[3] Federal/state regulatory conflict 44:20.03, .05 FERC jurisdiction on Outer Continental Shelf 44:20.04 Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978, 39:18.02[1][a] Primary function test 44:20.04[3] State regulation Generally 39:18.03[1]; 43:19.02[3] State statutes 39:18.03[2]
GAS MARKETING Generally 38:16.05[1] Distribution companies 38:16.05[1][c] Pipelines 38:16.05[1][b] Pipelines, trans-boundary Generally 48:7.01 et seq. Agreements 48:7.04[3], 7.05[4] Project finance 48:7.05 Post-production costs (See POST-PRODUCTION COSTS) Producers, marketers, industrial customers 38:16.05[1][a] Regulatory restructuring (See GAS)
GAS PRICING In gas sales contracts 36:16.04[1] Indexing 36:14.05[1]-[2] Price redetermination 36:16.04[1],[3] Take-or-pay 36:14.05[3]
GAS PROCESSING Measurement and allocation formulas 36:16.06[3] Plant processor 36:16.06[2]
GAS SALES CONTRACTS (See also FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION) Generally 36:13.04[1][b], 16.01 et seq.; 37:16.04 Arbitration (See ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION) Audit rights 36:16.06[4] Best efforts 36:16.03[5] Checklist 36:16.12 Common terms 37:16.04[3] Contracting practices 36:16.01[2] Fixed term interruptible 37:16.04[2][b] Force majeure clause (See FORCE MAJEURE) Gas processing (See GAS PROCESSING) Index pricing 42:10.01 et seq. Interruptible contracts 36:16.03[4][a], 16.11[3]; 37:16.04[2][b] Lessors right to share in take-or-pay 38:18.01 et seq. Limitations on claims and liability 36:16.08 Drafting 36:16.08 Waiver of damages 36:16.08 Longer term or warranty sales 37:16.04[2][c] Market-out clause 36:16.04[2] Pricing (See GAS PRICING) Purchasers 36:16.01[3][b] Quantity 36:16.03[1] Release clauses 36:16.03[2] Sellers 36:16.01[3][a] Short term spot 37:16.04[2][a] Taxes (See TAXES) Third party beneficiary 36:16.09 U.C.C. provisions 36:16.02
GAS SUPPLY Canadian suppliers 36:14.02 National Energy Board 36:14.02 Gas transportation agreement (See GAS TRANSPORTATION AGREEMENT) Interruption of supply 36:14.01[4][b] Interstate pipelines 36:14.01[3] Intrastate pipelines 36:14.01[2] Joint ventures 36:14.03 LDCs 36:14.01[1] Purchase of gas in place 36:14.01[4][b] Spot market 36:14.01[4][a]
GAS TRANSPORTATION AGREEMENT Firm transportation 36:16.01[3][b] Governmental filings 36:16.11[5] Imbalance penalties 36:16.11[2] In cogeneration context 36:14.04 Pipeline facility 36:14.04 Quantity provision 36:16.11[3] Regulation consideration 36:14.04 Volume reduction clauses 36:16.11[4]
GENERAL ALLOTMENT ACT Generally 36:24.01[5][a]
GENERAL MINING LAW OF 1872 (MINING LAW OF 1872) Generally 37:12.01, 12.02[6], 12.03[1] Endangered Species Act conflicts 37:7.02[5] Foreign ownership 39:7.07[3] History 37:12.02[6]; 41:10.04[5] Millsites (See also MILLSITES) 38:12.01 et seq. Mining claims (See MINING CLAIMS) Patenting provisions 36:12.01 Proposed reform act Generally 37:12.01 et seq.; 40:8.08 As "taking" 38:7.03-7.06 Assessment/diligence work 37:12.03[1][e], [3][b]-[c], 12.04[3] Bumpers Bill 37:12.03[1]-[2] Compared to coal law 41:2.01 et seq. Coping strategies 37:12.04 Craig Bill 40:8.08[2] Mine closure 39:10.04[1] Rahall Bill 37:12.03[3]; 40:8.08[2] Reclamation bonding 37:19.02[3][a], 19.03[7] Uncommon varieties (See also UNCOMMON VARIETIES) 38:8.01 et seq. Unpatented claims (See UNPATENTED MINING CLAIMS)
GENERAL PARTNERSHIP Bankruptcy of general partner 39:7.02[4] Liability of partner 39:7.02[2] Management 39:7.02[5] Taxes 39:7.02[3]
GEOLOGICAL INFORMATION (See also SEISMIC DATA) Operator's use under joint operating agreement 36:18.04
GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION Generally 40:20.03[1],[3] Acquisition of data 42:16.02[2] Aerial surveys 42:16.04[3][h][v]; 45:8.01 et seq. Compulsory unitization 42:16.03[3] Conversion 45:8.04[6] Cotenancy ownership 42:16.04[3][c] Data collection 45:8.02[3] Drainage claims 42:16.03[3] Evidence, data as 42:16.03 Exploration of adjacent tracts 42:16.04[3][h] Interference with contract 45:8.04[7] Interpretation 42:16.02[4] Invasion of privacy 45:8.04[5] Inverse condemnation 45:8.04[5] Lack of consent 45:8.03[2] Migration 42:16.02[1][e] Minerals under lease 42:16.04[3][g] Misappropriation 42:16.04[3][h][vi] Noise 42:16.02[1][f] Nuisance 45:8.04[4] Ownership divided by depth 42:16.04[3][e] Ownership divided by substance 42:16.04[3][f] Permitting Geophysical trespass 42:16.04[3][i] Physical entry 45:8.03 Processing, reprocessing 42:16.02[3] Ray Path Characteristics 42:16.02[1][a] Right to explore 42:16.04[1] Scientific principles, generally 42:16.02 Seismic data as evidence 42:16.03 Seismic survey agreements Confidentiality 43:17.03[7] Disclaimers, waivers 43:17.05 Joint ventures 43:17.02[2][a] Participation agreements 43:17.02[2][b] Taxes 43:17.04 Terms 43:17.03 Test, risk well 43:17.03[3] Severed minerals 42:16.04[3][a] State statutes 45:8.04[8] Statics 42:16.02[1][d] Succession ownership 42:16.04[3][d] Surface-related exploration 42:16.04[3][b] Surface-use limitations 42:16.05 Theories of liability 45:8.04 Three-D seismic 42:16.01 et seq. Trade secret 45:8.04[2] Trespass 40:20.03[2]; 42:16.04; 45:8.03 Uniform Trade Secrets Act 45:8.04[2] Velocities 42:16.02[1][c] Waveform Characteristics 42:16.02[1][b]
GEOTHERMAL LAW Generally 37:2.01 et seq. Federal law 37:2.02[4] Geothermal Steam Act of 1970 37:2.02[2] Royalty valuation 37:2.02[2][b] Surface rights 37:2.02[2][c] Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 (PURPA) 37:2.02[3] Purchase of geothermal power plant 47:9.01 State law 37:2.02[5]
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGES Alternative energy 45:2.06 Carbon tax 45:2.04[1] International climate change negotiations 45:2.03 Kyoto protocol 45:2.03[2] Legislation 45:2.05[3] Voluntary initiatives 45:2.05[1]
GOLD MARKET Hedging 46:18.01 et seq.
GOLD MINING--ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS Generally 36:5.01 Acid mine drainage (See ACID MINE (ROCK) DRAINAGE) California statutes 36:5.03[2] Criminal liability for environmental violations 36:5.09[1] Cyanide standard 36:5.03[4] Heap leach process (See also HEAP LEACHING) 36:5.02 Land use laws 36:5.08[1] Mine dewatering (See MINE DEWATERING) Nevada statutes 36:5.03[3] Reclamation (See RECLAMATION) Secured creditor liability 36:5.09[3] Solid waste (See RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY ACT) Wetland protection 38:6.01 et seq. Wildlife protection (See WILDLIFE PROTECTION)
GOOD FAITH NEGOTIATION FERC Order No. 451 37:16.03[4][c]
GRAND STAIRCASE-ESCALANTE NATIONAL MONUMENT Generally 46:1.05[1] Land exchange 43:2.05 Withdrawals 43:4.01; 45:14.02[3][b]
GRANITE ROCK Generally 42:5.06[1][a], [2][a]
GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) REDUCTION Generally 46:9.06
GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) REDUCTION TRADING GHG legal regimes 49:3.02 Kyoto protocol, implementation of 49:3.02[1] Asia 49:3.02[5] Canada 49:3.02[2] Clean development mechanism 49:3.02[1][a] Emissions trading 49:3.02[1][c] European Union 49:3.02[3] Joint implementation 49:3.02[1][b] Latin America 49:3.02[4] Liabilities 49:3.04[1] Opportunities 49:3.04[2] United States, federal and state GHG regulation 49:3.03[1]
GROUNDWATER Acid rock drainage 42:15.01 et seq. ARAR 39:11.04[2][a] Bright-line rules 43:22.03[3] Clean Water Act 43:22.05[2] Endangered Species Act 43:22.05[4] Federal reserved rights 43:22.05[5] Hydrology 43:22.02 NPDES permits 43:8.04 Oil & gas operations 42:17.05; 46:23.02[3] Quality 39:11.01 et seq.; 40:11.01 et seq. State regulation 43:22.03 Stream/aquifer interactions Federal law 43:22.05 Hydrology principles 43:22.02
HABENDUM CLAUSE Determining production in paying quantities 41:15.01 et seq. Lease maintenance 46:8.03[2]
HABITAT MANAGEMENT PLAN Non-endangered wildlife 42:12.02[4]
HABITAT PROTECTION (See ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT)
HART-SCOTT-RODINO ANTITRUST IMPROVEMENTS ACT Generally 39:7.06; 47:9.02
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES (See COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE, COMPENSATION, AND LIABILITY ACT)
HAZARDOUS WASTE (See RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY ACT)
HEADWATERS GROVE Land exchange 43:2.04
HEAP LEACHING Liner pad 36:5.03[2][c] Process 36:5.02 RCRA 36:5.04[1]
HEDGING Generally 41:16.04; 43:11.03 Buying put options 46:18.03[2][a] Contango 46:18.03[1] Documentation 46:18.05 Events of default 46:18.05[5] Fixed forwards 46:18.03[1][a] Floating forwards 46:18.03[1][c] Floating gold rate forward 46:18.03[1][b] Forwards 46:18.03[1] Futures 46:18.03[1][f] Indemnifiable tax 46:18.05[3] Min-Max strategies 46:18.03[2][c] Netting provisions 46:18.05[2] Options 46:18.03[2] Participating forwards 46:18.03[1][e] Representations, warranties, covenants 46:18.05[4] Selling call options 46:18.03[2][b] Spot deferred contract 46:18.03[1][d] Withholding tax 46:18.05[3]
HEIRS, UNKNOWN, UNLOCATABLE Dormant or abandoned minerals acts 40:21.05 Intestate succession 40:21.04 Meaning of heir 40:21.02 Testate succession 40:21.03 Trust and receivership statutes 40:21.06
HISTORIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA PRESERVATION ACT Cultural resource protection 41:14.04-.05 Indian Lands 39:2.02[3][d]
HISTORIC PRESERVATION (See ARCHAEOLOGICAL REGULATION)
HORIZONTAL DRILLING Generally 36:15.01 et seq. Apportionment of production revenues 36:15.04[2] Drainage 43:16.06[2] Drilling methods 43:16.03 Drilling units size 36:15.02[2]-[3] Enhanced recovery 43:16.04[6] Exploratory units 36:15.02[3] Implied covenants 43:16.06[2] Lease obligations 43:16.06[2] Naturally fractured reservoirs 43:16.04[1] Operating agreements 43:16.06[3] Prudent operator 36:15.03[1]; 43:16.06[2] State regulation 43:16.05 Restrictive statutes 36:15.02[3] Spacing 36:15.02[2]; 43:16.05 Stratified reservoirs 43:16.04[4] Technical definition 36:15.01[1] Texas Railroad Commission rule (See TEXAS RAILROAD COMMISSION) Thin "tight" reservoirs 43:16.04[3] Trespass 43:16.06[1] Vertical section 43:16.03[1] Voluntary pooling (See POOLING) Water, gas coning 43:16.04[5]
HOST GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS Generally 46:20.01 et seq.
HYDRAULIC FRACTURING Generally 44:19.01 et seq.
HYDROELECTRIC PROJECTS Condemnation of water rights 43:23.02[1][a] Environmental regulation 43:23.02[1][b][iii] Federal Power Act 43:23.02[1] Klamath Basin 43:23.03[2] Licensing 43:23.01 et seq. Preemption of state law 43:23.02[1][b][i] Property rights 43:23.02[1][b][ii] Proprietary water rights 43:23.03[1] Public Trust Doctrine 43:23.03[1] Regulation 43:23.01 et seq.
HYDROLOGY OF GROUNDWATER Generally 43:22.02
IDLE, ABANDONED OIL WELLS (See PLUGGING AND ABANDONING OIL WELLS)
IMMINENT, SUBSTANTIAL ENDANGERMENT Mining wastes 43:14.03[1][c][i] Oil fields wastes 45:9.01 et seq.
IMPERIAL IRRIGATION DISTRICT Generally 46:25.02[1]
IMPLIED COVENANTS Generally 39:15.02 Class actions 46:21.03[2] Diligent and prudent operations 39:15.03 Duty to develop 36:15.03[1] Horizontal drilling 43:16.06[2] Prudent operator 39:15.02[3]; 44:19.03, .04 Royalty issues 43:18.01 et seq. To develop Seismic data evidence 42:16.03[3] To market Generally 41:12.02 et seq., 15.03, 15.04[3]; 42:18.02; 44:21.02; 45:21.03[5], 21.04[2]; 48:10.10 et seq. "At the well" royalty clauses 44:21.04[2] Analysis of 48:10.04 Choice of market 42:18.04[3], 18.05[4] Contract interpretation 48:10.02, .03 Contract settlements 42:18.04[6] Deregulated gas industry 42:18.05 Downstream transportation, marketing 42:18.05[5] Failure to market 42:18.04[2] Gas contract settlement 42:18.04[6] Gas deregulation 44:21.06[1] Gas royalty clause 42:18.03 Incomplete contract 48:10.03 Jurisprudence 48:10.01 et seq. Lessee's obligation 44:21.06 Market value clause 42:18.03[3], 18.05[4][b], [5][b] Market value, meaning of 48:10.05[2] Marketable, definition of 44:21.06[2] Marketable product 44:21.03 et seq. Marketable product rule 48:10.05[1] Overriding royalty interests 44:21.04[3] Post-production costs 42:18.03-18.05; 44:21.06[3] Proceeds clause 42:18.03[2], 18.05[4][c], [5][c] Rogers v. Westerman Farm Co. 48:10.05[1] Sales to affiliates 42:18.04[5], 18.05[8] Smith v. Amoco Production Co. 48:10.05[3] Standard of conduct 42:18.01 et seq. Take-or-pay payments 42:18.04[6] Unconscionability 48:10.03 Unfair contract 48:10.03 Yzaguirre v. KCS Resources, Inc. 48:10.05[2] To protect against drainage 36:15.03[1][a] Wellhead sales 44:21.07
IN LIEU STORAGE OF WATER Generally 46:25.04[1] Aquifers 45:25.03[3]
INCIDENTAL BACKFILL Generally 46:27.02[1][c]
INCIDENTAL RIGHTS DOCTRINE Generally 46:7.03[2], 7.05
INDEMNITIES AND RELEASES (See also CONTRACT PROVISIONS; ENVIRONMENTAL INDEMNITIES, RISK APPORTIONMENT) Generally 49:4.01 et seq. Legal effects 49:4.03 Limitations on effectiveness 49:4.04 Canadian and maritime laws 49:4.04[3] Federal statutes 49:4.04[1] Judicial 49:4.04[4] State anti-indemnity statutes 49:4.04[2] Master service agreements Generally 48:14.01 et seq. Anti-indemnity statutes 48:14.07 Basic provisions 48:14.04 Supplementing indemnities and releases 49:4.05
INDEX PRICING Generally 49:14.01 et seq. Accuracy 42:10.05 Cash market hub indices 42:10.04[2][b] Delivered-to-pipeline indices 42:10.04[2][a] Exchange of futures for physicals (EFP) 42:10.04[1][b] Foster study 42:10.05 Futures prices 42:10.04[2][d] How compiled 42:10.04 Indefinite price terms 42:10.03 Long-term contracts 42:10.04[1][a] Natural gas market 49:14.05 Negotiated Rulemaking Committee 42:10.07[1] Non-participating producers 42:10.04[1][d] Outliers 42:10.04[1][c] Price manipulation scandal 49:14.01 et seq. Background 49:14.04 CFTC subpoena 49:14.10 Confessions 49:14.07 FERC technical conferences 49:14.12, .14 Foster report 49:14.04[2] Implications 49:14.13 Industry’s response 49:14.11 Revelations 49:14.02 Purchase contracts 42:10.06 Royalties 42:10.07 Wellhead and end-user indices 42:10.04[2][c]
INDIAN CIVIL RIGHTS ACT Mineral development 39:2.02[3][b]
INDIAN LANDS Access over 45:20.05 Dam breach, trust responsibilities 45:23.02[4]
INDIAN LANDS, MINERAL DEVELOPMENT Generally 46:8.03[5] Abstention 42:11.03[4][b]-[c] Act of March 3, 1909, 39:2.02[1][b][i] Alaska (See ALASKA NATIVE CLAIMS SETTLEMENT ACT (ANCSA)) American Indian Religious Freedom Act 39:2.02[3][a] Antiquities Act 39:2.02[3][f] Appeal of royalty decisions 37:17.03[3] Archaeological protection 39:2.20[3][c],[g]; 41:14.03, 14.07 Assignment of lease 39:2.03[6] Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act 39:2.02[3][h] Clean Air Act 39:2.02[3][q] Clean Water Act 39:2.02[3][p] Coalbed methane gas leasing 37:13.05[2][a] Coal surface mining regulation 42:11.03[3][b] Communitization agreements 39:2.03[14] Constitutional protection, absence of 39:2.03[11] Delegation of EPA regulatory power 42:11.03[2][c] Development agreements, regulation 42:11.03[3] Dispute resolution 39:2.03[8] Arbitration 39:2.03[8][b] Choice of law, venue 39:2.03[8][c] Tribal courts 39:2.03[8][a] Diversity jurisdiction 42:11.03[4][a][iv] Dual taxation (See TAXATION ON INDIAN LANDS) Employment laws 39:2.03[4] Endangered Species Act 39:2.02[3][i] Environmental regulation 42:11.03[2] Federal court review of tribal court decisions 42:11.03[4][a]-[d] Federal Indian policy 42:11.01[1] Federal question jurisdiction 42:11.03[4][a][iii] Federal trust responsibility 36:24.01[5][a]; 42:11.02[1][a] Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act 39:2.02[3][j] Historic and Archaeological Data Preservation Act 39:2.02[3][d] Indian Civil Rights Act 39:2.02[3][b] Indian Mineral Development Act of 1982 Generally 39:2.02[1][a][ii],[b][ii] Indian Mineral Leasing Act of 1938 Generally 39:2.02[1][a][i] Amendment of 36:17.04 Effect on taxation of Indian lands 36:17.02[3][c] Indian Reorganization Act 42:11.01[1][c] Inherent tribal powers 42:11.02[2] Jurisdiction over off-reservation tribal property 36:24.01[4] Land ownership 42:11.02[2][d] Land use planning 42:11.03[2][a] Leases 39:2.02[1], 2.03[1],[6] Migratory Bird Treaty Act 39:2.02[3][k] Mineral lease regulation 42:11.03[3] Mining operations 39:2.02[2][b] National Environmental Policy Act 39:2.02[3][n] National Historic Preservation Act 39:2.02[3][e] Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act 39:2.02[3][g] Native corporations 38:2.01 et seq. Noise Control Act 39:2.02[3][m] Oil and gas conservation regulation 42:11.03[3][a] Oil and gas operations 39:2.02[2][a] Drilling permits 39:2.02[2][a][ii] Exploration 39:2.02[2][a][i] Ownership of coalbed methane gas 37:13.05 Plenary federal power 42:11.02[1] Post-agreement changes 39:2.03[9] Powers inconsistent with dependent status 42:11.02[2][c] Prior pending tribal proceeding 42:11.03[4][c] Production requirements 39:2.03[7] Quasi-territorial tribal power 42:11.02[2][a] Reclamation bonding 37:19.02[2][b], [3][b] Regulatory power 42:11.03[2][c] Reservation boundaries 42:11.02[2][e] Reservation disestablishment 42:11.02[2][e][i] Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 39:2.02[3][r] Restraints on alienation 39:2.01[2][c] Rights-of-way, access Generally 39:2.03[10][a] Condemnation 39:2.03[10][c] Voluntary grants 39:2.03[10][b] Royalties 39:2.03[13] Allowances 39:2.03[13][b] Audits 39:2.03[13][c] Dual accounting 39:2.03[13][d] Tax reimbursements 39:2.03[13][a] Safe Drinking Water Act 39:2.02[3][o] Secretarial approval 39:2.03[1] Self-determination 39:2.01[2][d]; 42:11.01[1][e] Sovereign immunity 39:2.03[2] Sovereign status 39:2.01[2][a] State court concurrent jurisdiction 42:11.03[4][a][ii] State jurisdiction over non-Indians 47:2.03[2] State law 39:2.03[12] State power 42:11.02[3] Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act 42:11.03[3][b] Taxation (See TAXATION ON INDIAN LANDS) Title examination 39:2.01[3] Treaties 42:11.01[1][a] Treatment as state 42:11.03[2][c] Tribal abstention doctrine 42:11.03[4][b] Tribal court jurisdiction over non-Indians 42:11.03[4][a][i] Tribal influence 47:3.08 Tribal power over non-members Generally 42:11.02[2][b], [e][ii]; 47:2.01 et seq. Atkinson Trading Co. v. Shirley 47:2.02[6] Brendale v. Confederated Tribes 47:2.02[3] Clean Air Act 47:2.03[1][c] Clean Water Act 47:2.03[1][b] Federal statutes delegating federal authority to tribes 47:2.03[1][c] Federal statutes treating tribes as states 47:2.03[1][b] Montana v. United States 47:2.02[2] Nevada v. Hicks 47:2.02[7] Non-Indians 47:2.02 Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe 47:2.02[1] Rights-of-way 47:2.03[1][a][i] South Dakota v. Bourland 47:2.02[4] Strate v. A-1 Contractors 47:2.02[5] Tribal inherent sovereignty 47:2.03[1][a] Trust doctrine 39:2.01[2][b] Water rights (See INDIAN WATER RIGHTS) Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act 39:2.02[3][l] Zoning, health, environmental laws 39:2.03[5]
INDIAN MINERAL DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 1982 Coalbed methane gas leasing 37:13.05[2][a] Mineral development, generally 39:2.02[1][a][ii], [b][ii] Reclamation bonding 37:19.02[2][b], [3][b]
INDIAN MINERAL LEASING ACT OF 1938 Amendment of 36:17.04 Coalbed methane gas leasing 37:13.05[2][a] Effect on taxation of Indian lands 36:17.02[3][c] Mineral development, generally 39:2.02[1][a][i] Reclamation bonding 37:19.02[3][b], 19.03[2][b]
INDIAN RESERVED WATER RIGHTS Generally 37:22.02; 46:26.02[1][a]-[b]; 49:9.01 et seq. Background principles 49:9.02 Establishment and measure 49:9.03[2] Allotment water rights 49:9.03[2][f] Certainty, desire for 49:9.03[2][a] Groundwater 49:9.03[2][d] Instream flows 49:9.03[2][e] Practically irrigable acreage 49:9.03[2][c] State court jurisdiction 49:9.03[2][b] Foundation 49:9.03[1] Jurisdiction over reservation use 36:24.01[2][a] Klamath tribes 48:24A.02 Navigable waterways 36:24.01[3] Practicably irrigable acreage 36:24.01 Quantification 36:24.01 State regulation preemption 36:24.01[2][b] Treaty construction rules 36:24.01[1][a][i] Water leasing 36:24.02[2] Winters Doctrine (See WINTERS DOCTRINE)
INDIGENOUS PEOPLES Generally 47:23.02 Access rights 47:23.05 Approaching the hosting community 47:23.07 Bolivia 47:23.11[1] "Comunidad Campesina" 47:23.02[2] Peru 47:23.02[1], 23.11[2] Role of government 47:23.10
INHOLDINGS Access to 45:20.02[2][d]
IN-HOUSE COUNSEL Conflicts of interest in joint venture context 41:1.01 et seq.
INJUNCTION Breach of contract 37:3.07[4][b] Disposal of produced water 37:21.04[2][c] Removal of operator in mining ventures 37:8.05[1]
INSTREAM FLOW RESERVED WATER RIGHTS Generally 46:26.01 et seq.
INSURANCE Cleanup, cost recovery 40:6.01 et seq. Environmental claims "Absolute" pollution exclusion 46:15.08 Additional insured 46:15.14 Commercial auto policies 46:15.16 Defense costs 46:15.04 Duty to defend 46:15.03-.04 Excess/umbrella policies 46:15.18 First-party property coverage 46:15.15 Homeowners policies 46:15.17 Interpretation of policies 46:15.03 Locating historic policies 46:15.02 "Owned" property exclusion 46:15.10 Personal injury coverage 46:15.09 Pollutant, definition 46:15.13 Pollution exclusion 46:15.06 Products/completed operations coverage 46:15.12 "Sudden and accidental" pollution exclusion 46:15.07 Tendering to known carriers 46:15.02 Trigger of coverage/allocation over multiple years 46:15.11 What constitutes a "suit" 46:15.05 Environmental liability 40:6.06 Master service agreements Generally 48:14.01 et seq. Basic provisions 48:14.06 Oil & Gas Operations Additional insured 45:10.02[3][c], 10.06[2][a] Anti-indemnity statutes 45:10.05[2] Basic provisions 45:10.06 Builder's risk 45:10.02[2][a] Business interruption 45:10.02[2][b] Drilling contractors 45:10.05 Drilling rig exclusion 45:10.02[3][a] JOA requirements 45:10.03[2]-[3] Maritime issues 45:10.07[1] Non-operators 45:10.03-04 Operators 45:10.02 et seq. OSFR coverage 45:10.02[2][c] Pollution exclusion 45:10.02[3][d] Scaled to interest provisions 45:10.02[3][b], 10.04 Turnkey contracts 45:10.07[2] Unintentional errors, omissions clause 45:10.02[3][e] &n |