Chapter One: An Introduction to Energy

I.

Perspectives on Energy

II.

Some History

III.

Energy Production and Consumption

IV.

The Energy Resources

V.

The Business of Energy

Chapter Two: Energy-Environmental Economics and Regulation

I.

Introduction

II.

The Regulatory Process

III.

The Life Cycle of Government Regulation

IV.

Economic Regulatory Goals

A.

Economics Defined

B.

Economic Assumptions

1.

Property

2.

Individual-Rational-Maximization

3.

The Market

C.

Market Operations

1.

Demand

2.

Supply

3.

Equilibrium

4.

Costs

5.

Marginal Revenue

6.

Firm Price and Industry Price

7.

Elasticity

8.

Exogenous Events

9.

Government Regulations

V.

Non-Economic Regulatory Goals

A.

Prohibited Trades

B.

Elimination of Price as the Basis of Trades

C.

Redistribute Wealth

D.

Promote Collective Values

VI.

Market Failures

A.

Control Monopoly Power

B.

Externalities

C.

Transaction and Information Costs

D.

Rent Control

E.

Excess Competition

F.

Unequal Bargaining

G.

Rationalization

H.

Moral Hazard

I.

Paternalism

J.

Scarcity

VII.

Regulatory Methods

A.

Price Controls

B.

Entry and Exit Controls

C.

Standard Setting

D.

Allocation

E.

Taxes and Other Economic Incentives

VIII.

Conclusion

Chapter Three: The Legal Framework

I.

Introduction

II.

The Constitutional Law of Energy

A.

The Commerce Clauses

B.

Congressional Power over the Federal Lands

C.

The Supremacy Clause

D.

Limitations on Federal Powers to Control the States

E.

The Protection of Private Rights Against Government Action: Due Process and Equal Protection

F.

The Protection of Private Rights Against Government Action: Takings of Property

III.

The Legislative Process

IV.

The Administrative Process

Chapter Four: International Law

I.

Introduction

II.

International Law

III.

Globalization and International Law

A.

Globalization Generally

B.

Globalization of Energy Sectors

1.

Expansion of Energy Fuel Cycles

2.

Global Economic and Environmental Concerns Affect Local Segments of the Energy Fuel Cycle

3.

The Increase in International Actors Involved in Energy Fuel Cycles

IV.

Sources and Evidences of International Law

A.

International Conventions or Treaties

B.

Customary International Law

1.

The General Practice of States

2.

The Acceptance of the Practice as Law

C.

General Principles of Law

D.

Judicial Decisions and The Writings of Scholars

E.

A Note on Hard Law and Soft Law

V.

The Relation Between International Law and Domestic Law

A.

Treaties

B.

Custom

C.

Court-Made Rules

Chapter Five: Environmental Protection and Energy Development

I.

Introduction

II.

United States Environmental Law

A.

Models of United States Environmental Regulation

1.

The Environmental Impact Assessment Model

2.

The "Best Technology" Model

3.

Risk Assessment Model

4.

Strict Liability Model

5.

Emerging Patterns

B.

Environmental Law Sectors

1.

Water

2.

Air

3.

Land Preservation

4.

Toxic Wastes

III.

International Environmental Law

A.

Historical Signposts

1.

The Trail Smelter Arbitration

2.

The Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment

3.

The 1982 Law of the Sea Convention

4.

World Commission on Environment and Development

5.

The 1992 Rio Conference

B.

Emerging Principles

1.

Sustainable Development

2.

The Precautionary Principle

3.

The Duty to Cooperate

Chapter Six: Toward a Sustainable Energy-Environmental Policy

I.

Introduction

II.

U.S. Energy-Environmental Policy

A.

1887-1900

B.

1900-1920

C.

1920-1933

D.

1933-1945

E.

1945-1973

F.

1973-1992

G.

1992-Present

III.

Developing an International Energy-Environmental Policy

IV.

Conclusion

A.

Energy-Environmental Policy Overview

B.

The Continuing Problem of Integrating Energy and Environmental Policies

Chapter Seven: Oil

I.

Introduction

II.

The Fuel Cycle

III.

The Oil Industry and Oil Markets

IV.

State Regulation of Oil and Gas Production

A.

Oil and Gas Development on Private Land

B.

Oil and Gas Transactions Between Private Parties

V.

Federal Regulation of Oil

A.

Oil Leasing on Federal Lands

1.

Onshore

2.

Offshore

B.

Environmental Regulation of Oil and Gas

1.

The Scope of Liability

2.

Certification of Financial Responsibility

3.

Double-Hull Tanker Requirements

VI.

International Law

A.

Hard Law

1.

The 1992 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity

2.

The 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

3.

The 1997 Kyoto Protocol

4.

The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

5.

The 1973 MARPOL and the 1978 MARPOL Protocol

6.

The 1972 Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (The London Dumping Convention)

7.

The 1958 Geneva Conventions on the Continental Shelf, and the High Seas

B.

Soft Law

Chapter Eight: Natural Gas

I.

Introduction to Natural Gas

II.

The Natural Gas Fuel Cycle

A.

Production

B.

Pipeline Transportation

C.

Local Distribution

D.

Marketing

III.

Natural Gas Markets

A.

The Modern Gas Market

B.

The Current State of Supply

C.

The Current State of Demand

D.

Prices

E.

Future Trends

IV.

Natural Gas Regulation

A.

Regulation in the States

B.

The Natural Gas Act of 1938

C.

The Natural Gas Act Applied to Gas Producers

D.

The Energy Crisis Spurs Gas Price Deregulation and Interstate Pipeline Regulatory Reform

E.

The States Reform Their Natural Gas Regulatory Policies

F.

Future Issues

1.

State Initiatives

2.

Federal Reconsideration of Interstate Pipeline Regulation

3.

Mergers and Acquisitions

Chapter Nine: Coal

I.